A Dictionary of Philosophy, Third Edition
. Roughly, a property or phenomenon is emergent if it appears in a system without appearing in the component parts of the system. But the relations between emergence and REDUCTIONISM are somewhat complex.
T.Nagel, ‘Panpsychism’, in his Mortal Questions, Cambridge UP, 1979. (Discusses emergence in context of how conscious experiences can exist in organisms that seem to be purely physical. For two senses of ‘panpsychism’ itself see first and last paragraphs.)
See also bibliography to REDUCTIONISM.
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