Medieval France
ARABIC PHILOSOPHY, INFLUENCE OF
. Less than a century after the death of Muhammad in 632, most of Spain had come under Muslim jurisdiction, while inroads had been made into the areas of Narbonne and Carcasonne and even into south-central France, until Charles Martel turned the tide at Poitiers and Tours in 732. As the Muslims were consolidating their power, they were also changing the lingua franca of the Byzantine and Roman-Visigothic empires that they had superseded.
Arabic, however, had no religious and philosophical texts of its own besides the Qur’an. Thus, Arabic intellectual activity in the sciences and in philosophy began with translation of the Greek writings of the very civilizations that had been overrun. The ensuing work helped make Arabic into a medium for absorbing and developing originally non-Muslim scientific and scholarly concepts and ideas and for transmitting this new synthesis to Latin Christendom..........
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