Agriculture

Medieval France

. Throughout the Middle Ages, a huge majority of France’s population was engaged in agriculture; land with the laborers on it remained the primary source of wealth even after towns, commerce, and industry revived later in the period. From late antiquity to the 9th century, although there were some independent peasant holdings, agriculture was generally practiced on great estates or villas that were the successors of Roman villas.

These estates, organized and worked under a system called manorialism, tended to be self-sufficient, having little recourse to trade and producing for all their own needs. A small surplus went to support the warrior or clerical owner, but few of the villas were large enough to have supported a great man and his retinue through a twelve-month period; to live off their estates, early-medieval lords had to move from one to the next during the year.

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