Reference "Reference" is usually conceived as the central relation between language or thought and the world. To talk or think about something is to refer to it. Twentieth-century philosophy found such relations particularly problematic....

1 In traditional semantics, reference is the relation between the linguistic expression (name, word) and the object in extralinguistic reality to which the expression refers ( semiotic triangle). The division between denotation and extension seems to...

Elbein, A.D. and Molyneux, R.J. (1987). The chemistry and biochemistry of simple indolizidine and related polyhydroxyalkaloids. In Alkaloids, Chemical and Biological Perspectives, Volume 5 (Pelletier, S.W., ed.), pp. 1–54, New York: Wiley....

Charlwood, B.V. and Banthorpe, D.V. (1991). Volume 7, The Terpenoids. Methods. In Plant Biochemistry (Dey, P.M. and Harborne, J.B., eds). London: Academic Press. Glasby, J.S. (1982). Encyclopedia of the Terpenoids, in 2 Volumes. Chichester: Wiley....

Cordell, G. (1981). Introduction to Alkaloids: A Biogenic Approach. New York: Wiley-Interscience. Glasby, J.S. (1978). Encyclopedia of the Alkaloids, in 3 Volumes. New York: Plenum Press. Grundon, M.F. (1976–1983). The Alkaloids, Specialist...

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Budavari, S. (ed.) (1989). The Merck Index, 11th Edition. Rahway: Merck and Co. Devon, T.K. and Scott, A.I. (1972). Handbook of Naturally Occurring Compounds, Volume 2. New York: Academic Press. Hegnauer, R. (1964–1973). Chemotaxonomie der...

Dessaux, Y., Petit, A. and Tempe, J. (1993). Chemistry and biochemistry of opines, chemical mediators of parasitism. Phytochemistry 34, 31–38. Gross, D. (1993). Phytoalexins of the Brassicaceae. Z. Pflanzenkrankheiten Pflanzenschutz 100,...

Harborne, J.B. (ed.) (1988). The Flavonoids: Advances in Research since 1980. London: Chapman and Hall. Harborne, J.B. (ed.) (1994). The Flavonoids: Advances in Research since 1986. London: Chapman and Hall. Grayer, R.J. (1989). Flavonoids. In Methods...

Barrett, G.C. (ed.) (1985). Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Amino Acids. London: Chapman and Hall. Rosenthal, G.A. (1982). Plant Non-protein Amino and Imino Acids. New York: Academic Press. Fowden, L. (1981). Non-protein amino acids. In Biochemistry...

Dey, P. and Harborne, J.B. (1996). Plant Biochemistry, 4th Edition. London: Academic Press. Dey, P. and Harborne, J.B. (1989–1996). Methods in Plant Biochemistry, in 11 Volumes. London: Academic Press. Goodwin, T.W. and Mercer, E.I. (1983)....

Dewick, P.M. (1994). Isoflavonoids. In The Flavonoids: Advances in Research since 1986 (Harborne, J.B., ed.), pp. 117–238. London: Chapman and Hall. Donnelly, D.M.X. and Boland, G. (1994). Neoflavonoids. In The Flavonoids: Advances in research...

Narcissine; Galanthidine Occurs in Lycoris radiata. It is the most widespread of all the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, and occurs free in the (–)-form (illustrated) and in a conjugated form (linked to glucose, acetic acid or fatty acids). Shows...

As a ‘language-external’ discipline, referential semantics investigates and describes the conditions and rules that govern the way language is used to refer to the extralinguistic world. Whereas a content-oriented semantics is concerned...

Boulter, D. and Parthier, B. (eds) (1982). Structure, Biochemistry and Physiology of Proteins. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, Volume 14A. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Daussant, J., Mosse, J. and Vaughan, J. (eds) (1983). Seed Proteins....

Beevers, L (1976). Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants. London: Edward Arnold. McKee, K.S. (1962). Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants. Oxford University Press. Miflin, B.J. (ed.) (1981). Amino Acids and Derivatives, Volume 5, Biochemistry of Plants (Stumpf, P.K....

Bohlmann, F., Burkhardt, T. and Zdero, C. (1973). Naturally Occurring Acetylenes. London: Academic Press. Lam, J., Breteler, H., Arnason, T. and Hansen, L. (eds) (1988). Chemistry and Biology of Naturally Occurring Acetylenes and Related Compounds....

Blumenkopf, T.A. and Heathcock, C.H. (1985). Synthesis of Lycopodium alkaloids. In Alkaloids, Chemical and Biological Perspectives, Volume 3 (Pelletier, S.W., ed.), pp. 185–240, Chichester: Wiley. Manske, R.F.H. and Brossi, A. (eds). The...

Galantamine; Lycorimine Occurs in the following Amaryllidaceae genera: Crinum, Galanthus, Hippeastrum, Hymenocallis, Leucojum, Lycoris, Narcissus, Pancratium and Ungernia spp.. Inhibits cholinesterase activity (reversible); it exhibits strong analgesic...

// n. The phenomenon by which some noun phrase in a particular utterance or sentence is associated with some entity in the real or conceptual world, its referent. Reference is a semantic phenomenon, but its expression is often grammaticalized in...

Object or state of affairs in extralinguistic reality or also a linguistic element to which the speaker or writer is referring by using a linguistic sign (noun phrases, possibly also adjective phrases, verb phrases)....

Manske, R.H.F. and Brossi, A., (eds) (1952). The Alkaloids, Volume 2, pp. 331–352; (1960) Volume 6, pp. 289–413; (1968) Volume 11, pp. 302–406; (1975) Volume 15, pp. 83–164; (1987) Volume 30, pp. 252–376 . New York:...

Bell, D.J. (1962). Carbohydrates. In Comparative Biochemistry, (Florkin, M. and Mason, H.S., eds), Vol. III, pp. 288–355. Loewus, F.A. and Tanner, W. (eds) (1982). Plant Carbohydrates I, Intracellular Carbohydrates, Berlin:...

Manske, R.H.F. and Brossi, A. (eds). The Alkaloids (1967) Volume 9, pp. 441–465; (1977) Volume 16, pp. 181–214; 215–248; 432–510; (1989) Volume 35, pp. 215–257. New York: Academic...

Manske, R.H.F. and Brossi, A. (eds). The Alkaloids (1975) Volume 15, pp. 165–205; (1985) Volume 26, pp. 299–326. New York: Academic...

Schlegel, A.W. 1818. Observations sur la langue et la littérature provençales. Paris. language...

McFarland D. (1999) Animal Behaviour, 3rd edn, Addison Wesley Longman: Harlow...

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In general, a reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. Such relations may occur in a variety of domains, including linguistics, logic, computer science,...