There are many standards that can be used to evaluate the status of a science, and one of the most important is how well variables are measured. The idea of measurement is relatively simple. It is associating numbers with aspects of objects, events, or...

A fundamental premise of all scientific research is that scientists can make measurements, expressed in precise mathematical terms, of conditions and events. Indeed, some argue that a field of study can only be called a science to the extent that the...

Many shapes in our world are irregular and complicated. The boundary of a lake or stream can be curved and winding. A stock market graph can be highly erratic, with jumps and dips of various sizes. The path of a fly ball is a smooth arc affected by...

Around the turn of the century, mathematicians such as Emile Borel and Henri Lebesgue were looking for a precise definition of the measure of a subset of the real n-dimensional space Rn. Four considerations bounded their search. First, the measure of...

Data Unit Abbreviation Equivalent (Data Storage) Power of Ten Byte B 8 bits 1 byte Kilobyte K,...

Data Unit Abbreviation Equivalent (Data Storage) Power of Ten Byte B 8 bits 1 byte Kilobyte K,...

Data Unit Abbreviation Equivalent (Data Storage) Power of Ten Byte B 8 bits 1 byte Kilobyte K,...

Data Unit Abbreviation Equivalent (Data Storage) Power of Ten Byte B 8 bits 1 byte Kilobyte K,...

Observations, which are an integral part of any science, can be classified into two main types: qualitative and quantitative. In general, qualitative observations are non-numeric. As a result they are not exact and are often not reproducible (two...

Association of numbers with physical quantities and natural phenomena by comparing an unknown quantity with a known quantity of the same kind. Weights and measures are standard quantities with which such comparisons are made. The earliest ones measured...

Measurement is the estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of an object, such as its length or weight, relative to a unit of measurement. Measurement usually involves using a measuring instrument, such as a ruler or scale, which is calibrated to...