“[The French Revolutionaries] wanted freedom of thought, expression, religion, association, and of enterprise of all kinds. . . . They recognized their own program in the great Declaration of Rights of 1789. New rights, for more people, have been...

France 1848 In June 1848 civil war broke out in Paris. Although the fighting only lasted for four days, it was one of the bloodiest conflicts in France in the nineteenth century, with thousands killed and injured. The fighting occurred between the...

The eighteenth century belonged to the period known as the Enlightenment. Thinkers of the time, such as Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) in England and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) in France, were influenced by the experimental science of Sir Isaac...

the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789. Hence the conventional term “Revolution of 1789,” denoting the end of the ancien régime in France and serving also to...

Movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799, reaching its first climax in 1789, and ended the ancien régime. Causes included the loss of peasant support for the feudal system, broad acceptance of the reformist writings of the philosophes,...

The Protestant traditions of ecclesiology are marked by a critical principle: The gospel is more important than the institution, spirit is superior to structure. Catholic ecclesiology, on the other hand, stresses that structure is necessary for the...

Members of the French nobility who fled France during the French Revolution. In exile, mainly in England, many émigrés plotted against the Revolutionary government, seeking foreign help to restore the old regime. In response,...

The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the...