In 1996 voters in California approved the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI), a measure that forbids the use of race, gender, or ethnicity as criteria in state hiring or public university admissions. No longer would businesses and universities be...

The term affirmative action has been used in the United States since the late 1960s to refer to policies that go beyond the simple prohibition of discrimination on grounds of race, national origin, and sex in employment practices and educational...

in the United States, an active effort to improve employment or educational opportunities for members of minority groups and for women. Affirmative action began as a government remedy to the effects of long-standing discrimination against such groups...

Affirmative action is a political tool used to prevent or challenge social inequality for those groups in a position of inferiority, both as a consequence of discrimination being suffered and as a result of past discrimination whose effects are still...

Affirmative action, also referred to as positive and reverse discrimination, describes the deliberate policy of giving preferential treatment to some groups in a society on the grounds that they have hitherto been disadvantaged either by governmental...

In the U.S., the effort to improve the employment and educational opportunities of women and members of minority groups through preferential treatment in job hiring, college admissions, the awarding of government contracts, and the allocation of other...

The provision of resources to mitigate educational or other disadvantage caused by social and/or economic deprivation. This is often known as compensatory education. The Plowden Report recommended the identification of inner city districts which were...

Granting the minorities of society enhanced access to education and jobs in an attempt to reduce overall discrimination against them. This approach to helping the disadvantaged is deeply resented by the well-qualified applicants who are rejected and by...

A concern of adult education, it is the process whereby positive action is taken in respect of minority groups and women. In the United States this is a specific legal position to facilitate the admissions opportunities to education, and employment,...

A series of actions taken by an employer or public authority to advance the opportunities of disadvantaged groups, especially ethnic minorities, to increase their representation, particularly in employment and other activities. See also: reverse...

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