In 1945 Hollywood released the first film adaptation of To Have and Have Not. With a screenplay developed by William Faulkner and Jules Furthman, and with very close directions from producer-director Howard Hawks, the film was essentially a screen version of chapter one (of the book's twenty-six chapters) of the book. Although it bore the title of To Have and Have Not, thus capitalizing on Hemingway's marketability, Hawks agreed with those critics who felt that the book was "not worth much." It held little promise as movie material, he said, since it was too much of a proletarian novel of the 1930s. For this reason the book's peacetime setting in Key West was changed in the film to the island of Martinique, the echoes of revolt in Cuba become the echoes of World War II, and the smuggled revolutionaries are replaced by a member of the French resistance and...