Richard’s Cruelty

Richard’s cruelty is introduced slowly, with his infractions becoming more serious as the novel progresses, making the reader realize that Vanessa really is justified in trying to save Emma from him. Vanessa includes descriptions of Richard’s cruelty that range from proof of his jealous and controlling personality all the way to his physical abuse of both Vanessa and Kate, his first wife. Richard also shows evidence of passive-aggressive behavior. He punishes Vanessa when she does not fit his idea of perfections.

One of the first signs of Richard’s cruelty is illustrated through his passive-aggressive tendencies. This means that he does not confront a problem directly but instead punishes Vanessa without indicating why he is punishing him. For instance, Richard often gives Vanessa the silent treatment when he is not happy with something she has done. He also has the habit of...