Ray-Ray’s Death

Ray-Ray’s death symbolizes the violence and discrimination that continues to be perpetrated against Native people in the United States. Ray-Ray is Cherokee and was unjustly killed by a police officer. The novel presents this event as a continuation of the historical genocides against Native Americans.

Bonfire

The bonfire symbolizes grief, memory, and family ties. Every year, on the anniversary of Ray-Ray’s death, the family has a bonfire to commemorate Ray-Ray. This shared annual ritual helped the family to collectively remember Ray-Ray and grieve his loss.

Drug Addiction

Edgar’s drug addiction symbolizes emotional pain and personal instability. The novel acknowledges that each member of the Echota family has become in some way emotionally damaged by Ray-Ray’s death. Edgar’s addiction appears to be related to his own emotional pain.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Ernest’s Alzheimer’s disease symbols the danger of...