Chang gives several possible explanations for the ability of Japanese soldiers to commit atrocities in Nanking, including the Japanese identity. Explain, using details from the book, how this identity was formed, and what aspects may have contributed to the massacre at Nanking.

There were several foreigners who helped to save the lives of thousands of Chinese refugees. Why do you believe these individuals stayed to protect the people, when so many others fled? Be sure to explain your answers.

As part of the surrender of Japan, the royal family escaped all blame or consequences for their part in the war. Do you believe this was a fair choice? Be sure to consider the alternative to Japanese surrender in your answer.

Do you think Tang Sheng-chih could have saved the city if Chiang Kei-shek would have provided air support? Use examples from the book to...