Desire for Recognition and Validation

The innate desire to be recognized and validated is a key theme in the novel. Not only do several characters struggle to be recognized as talented individuals, they also fight to be validated as merely existing and being part of the human race. This is painfully evident in Leo's experience during World War II, as he made himself invisible to the Nazis in order to avoid being killed. Now as an elderly man, Leo pulls crazy stunts just to be seen by other people. He admits to toppling displays in stores and making a huge fuss at Starbucks, all in the name of being validated as a person. It is interesting to note that the only validation and recognition that seems to matter to Leo must come from Alma Mereminski and his son, Isaac. Sadly, these are the two people who never quite validate...