Clifford Burhans, "The Old Man and the Sea: Hemingway's Tragic Vision of Man, " in American Literature, January, 1960, p. 447.

Burhans relates The Old Man and the Sea to Hemingway's earlier work and finds it a mature statement of the author's philosophy.

Clinton S. Burhans Jr., " The Old Man and the Sea: Hemingway's Tragic Vision of Man, " in Hemingway and His Critics: An International Anthology,edited by Carlos Baker, Hill and Wang, 1961, pp. 259-68.

The critic describes the novel as Hemingway's "mature view of the tragic irony of man's fate."

Rose Marie Burwell, Hemingway: The Postwar Years and the Posthumous Novels, Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Burwell's work has gathered considerable acclaim for its supplanting of the wound theory and notions of code heroes with new readings of the late works.

John Griffith, "Rectitude in Hemingway's Fiction: How Rite Makes Right," in Hemingway in Our Time, edited by Richard...