Carl Davis, in an essay for Novels for Students, Gale, 1999.

William J. Handy, "A New Dimension for a Hero: Santiago of The Old Man and the Sea, " in Contemporary Novels, The University of Texas, 1962, pp. 62-69.

Carlos Baker, ed., Ernest Hemingway: Critiques of Four Major Novels, Scribner's, 1962, pp. 132-72.

Susan F. Beegel, "Conclusion: The Critical Reputation of Ernest Hemingway," from Scott Donaldson, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 276.

Gerry Brenner and Earl Rovit, "The Structure of the Fiction," in Ernest Hemingway, Revised Edition, Twayne, 1986, pp. 62-89.

Gerry Brenner, ed., The Old Man and the Sea: The Story of a Common Man, Twayne, 1991.

Kenneth Lynn, Hemingway, Simon and Schuster, 1987.

Philip Young, Ernest Hemingway: A Reconsideration,Pennsylvania State University Press, 1966, p. 274.

Clinton S. Burhans Jr. "The Old Man and the Sea: Hemingway's Tragic Vision of Man," in American Literature, March 1959-January 1960, pp. 446-55.