Peace Can Be as Arduous as War

As Hadrian is considering the possibility of his becoming emperor, he is leading troops in Trajan's campaign of conquest over the Parthians. During this time, Hadrian sees the way the Roman people have ill-used the outlying provinces. Citizens are over-conscripted, and revolts and dissent are met with vicious military force. Hadrian determines that the best course toward a strong empire is peace on its frontiers. He views Rome as a beacon of security, liberty, and plenty. He is also a lover of multiculturalism and feels respect and development of these native cultures will lead to a unified Roman world.

Hadrian cannot enact his plans for peace while Trajan is in power. The old man is obsessed with conquering Asia, but after his death Hadrian makes peace with the king of Parthia. He sets about a campaign of development in the East, along...