1930s: The avant-garde is influential among leading writers. Witold Gombrowicz, who moved to Argentina in 1939, gains an international reputation.
Today: With the ending of censorship in 1989, the works of Polish writers like Jerzy Kosinski are available to Polish readers for the first time. In 1996, Wislawa Szymborska becomes the second Polish poet to win the Nobel Prize for literature.
1940s: In 1939, the Polish population is 35 million, including sizable Jewish, German, Ukrainian, and Belorussian minorities. During World War II, more than 6 million Poles lose their lives. Polish Jewry is largely destroyed. Most of the Germans in western Poland are expelled, and the Ukrainian and Belorussian populations are transferred to the Soviet Union.
Today: Poland's population stands at just over 38.5 million. Of this, 98 percent are ethnic Poles.
1940s: On the eve.....
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