Leonard Butts, "The Monster as Artist Grendel and Freddy's Book," in his The Novels of John Gardner: Making Life Art as a Moral Process, Louisiana State University Press, 1983, pp. 86-110.
Butts discusses Grendel as a failed artist who lives in his own first-person narrative, unable to make connections With humans or redeem himself through Imagination and art.
Norma L Hutman, "Even Monsters Have Mothers A Study of "Beowulf' and John Gardner's "Grendel,'" in MOSAIC A Journal for the Comparative Study of Literature and Ideas, Vol. 9, No.1, 1975, pp 19-31.
The author compares the two works and finds that Gardner's novel stands up well beside the older classic
Jerome Klinkowitz, "John Gardner's "Grendel,'" in John Gardner Critical Perspectives, edited by Robert A Morace and Kathryn VanSpanckeren, Southern Illinois University Press,.....
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