Chapters 13 and 14 Summary and Analysis

The next question is implementation. When the Supreme Court ruled that federal defendants must have lawyers, a "non-system" took over in place of any official body creating and funding a system that would work. James V. Bennett, director of the federal penitentiary system, noted that most have appointed attorneys who get no fee for their services, meaning those services are "inept, hasty and perfunctory." In 1963, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy is quoted as saying that lawyers continue to be compelled to serve as defense lawyers with no compensation, even for out-of-pocket expenses. Only ten days before the Gideon decision, Congress gets a plan for providing for federal attorneys.

The question on the state court level meets even greater problems as more indigent defendants exist but there is a faster attempt to implement the rule. There's an argument for creating...