Modern Times

Modern times are characterized by a high level of civilization and a high level of inequality, slavery and pain.

Ancient Times

Ancient times are characterized by a low level of civilization and a low level of inequality, no slavery and little pain.

The State of Nature

The state of nature contains the noble savage who thinks only of his present survival but has a natural tendency to seek his own good and avoid causing pain to others.

The Modern State

The modern state is the invention of the rich to protect their property from the poor.

The General Will

The general will is the will of all persons considering the good of all; the natural law is defined in terms of the general will and all legitimate laws must conform to it.

Tyranny and Slavery

Tyranny and slavery arise from the modern state.

Private Property

The...