People often define racism as an individual’s belief that one race is superior to another or as a person’s overt hatred of another because of racial and cultural differences. However, many contemporary analysts believe that the most profound and widespread forms of racism are institutional rather than interpersonal. The phrase “institutionalized racism” is sometimes used to describe the policies of an organization that is deliberately racist—such as the Gestapo in Nazi Germany or South Africa’s police during that nation’s years of apartheid. More often, though, institutional racism is used to describe a form of discrimination that is systemic and often hidden or inadvertent. James Jones, author of Prejudice and Racism, defines institutional racism as “those established laws, customs and practices which systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities...