Scientists have known for many years that microorganisms, particularly bacteria, are capable of removing contaminants from water, soil, and sediments. This ability of bacteria has been exploited in the development of biologically based treatment systems. The use of microorganisms to recycle organic contaminants and sequester inorganic ions is referred to as bioremediation.

Since 1985, these systems have gained recognition as valid alternatives to conventional treatment technologies. Biotechnology as a waste control and environmental cleanup strategy is, in fact, becoming a preferred treatment method over conventional treatments. Conventional treatments include mechanical removal of soils and sediments, vacuuming, absorption, burning, dispersal of surface contaminants on water and high-pressure steam cleaning. These conventional methods are often prohibitively expensive and do not always achieve the treatment standards for acceptable remediation. As more stringent environmental regulations are enacted around the world, the popularity of biologically based...