The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
Eukaryotic cells may be classified broadly as either germ cells (sex cells, or gametes) or all the other body cells, known as somatic cells. Somatic cell genetics, strictly speaking, means genetic studies of cells other than germ cells, but it is usually used more restrictively, referring to mammalian cells in tissue culture.
Key characteristics of somatic cells are that they are diploid, and differentiated. Though all somatic cells from one individual are (in principle) genetically identical, they evolve different tissue-specific characteristics during the process of differentiation, through regulatory and epigenetic changes.
The opportunity to study cells in vitro (isolated from the whole organism; literally, in glass) creates several advantages: one can assay cells in test tubes in ways that would be inappropriate to undertake on an individual, the cellular environment can be defined and manipulated, and rare genotypes can be maintained for study beyond the lifespan of the individual.
Most differentiated cells do not grow readily in culture; those that do tend to lose differentiated properties, and only have a finite lifespan (though they may be frozen for longer-term storage). Those that have arisen from tumors, on the other hand, or that are experimentally transformed in vitro may become permanent lines with indefinite lifespan. The most common source of tissue for non-transformed lines is skin fibroblasts. Lymphocytes can be cultured (short-term) from peripheral blood following stimulation by phytohemagglutinin, still the method used in diagnostic cytogenetics. Permanent lymphoblast lines are created with Epstein-Barr virus transformation, providing infinite supplies of otherwise rare genetic materials.
Perhaps the greatest contribution of somatic cell genetics was in the first stages of mapping the human genome. It was found in the 1960s that hybrids of human and rodent cells could be cultured, but selectively retained rodent and discarded human chromosomes. This phenomenon was taken to advantage, through selective culture conditions and identification of human chromosomes retained by the hybrids, allowing assignment of specific gene functions to specific chromosomes, starting with thymidine kinase to human chromosome 17. These early markers were the anchors for all later gene mapping studies.
In its broader sense, somatic cell genetics also encompasses the study of cancer cells, since the process of malignant transformation is one in which the genetic makeup of the tumor is altered relative to the otherwise stable constitution of the cells of origin.