Republican China
During a few brief weeks in the fall of 1911, the hollow shell of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) disintegrated. Shortly afterward, on 1 January 1912, Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) and his fellow revolutionaries proclaimed the founding of the Republic of China. China's last emperor had no choice but to abdicate the throne. Thus, in a matter of weeks, two millennia of dynastic rule ended and the Republican era began.
Chinese Communist Party; Guomindang; Northern Expedition; Sino-Japanese Conflict, Second.
Further Reading
Chan, F. Gilbert, and Thomas H. Etzold, eds. (1976) China in the 1920s: Nationalism and Revolution. New York: New Viewpoints.
Eastman, Lloyd, ed. (1991) The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Eto, Shinkichi, and Harold Schiffrin, eds. (1994) China's Republican Revolution. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Fitzgerald, John. (1996) Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Rankin, Mary. (1997) "State and Society in Early Republican Politics." The China Quarterly 150 (June): 260–81.
Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997) "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." The China Quarterly 150 (June): 395–432.
Yeh, Wen-hsin. (1997) "Shanghai Modernity: Commerce and Culture in a Republican City." The China Quarterly 150 (June): 375–94.
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