The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids joined together by amide linkages called peptide bonds. They are intermediate in length between oligopeptides containing several amino acids and proteins with more than fifty. The peptide bond (-CO-NH-) forms between the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid and the carboxyl group (-COOH) of the adjoining amino acid. As with other peptides and proteins, the properties of polypeptides depend on the kinds of amino acids they contain, and the order in which they are linked.
Certain polypeptides have important roles as hormones. One example, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is formed in the pituitary gland and regulates the activity of the adrenal cortex. Gastrin, secreted into the bloodstream of mammals by the wall of the pyloric end of the stomach, stimulates secretion of gastric juices when food enters the stomach. Secretin, a polypeptide containing 27 amino acids, is found in the lining of the upper intestine, and encourages the flow of pancreatic juices into the duodenum when hydrochloric acid from the stomach arrives there. The pancreatic emissions serve to neutralize the stomach acid thus avoiding potential damage to the intestinal lining.
Some polypeptides have antibiotic properties. One type called polymyxin, synthesized by species of the soil bacterium Bacillus, is active against common gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It functions by disrupting the cell membranes of sensitive bacteria.