Occupations

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Occupations

Timeline

1600–1899 ∼ The Apprenticeship Era

Apprenticeship or formal education is required for professional training (1600s–1820s) / Federal census surveys occupations for the first time (1810) / Wealth is regarded as a sign of virtue (1800s) / Factories employ entire families of immigrants (1820s–1830s) / Decline of the apprenticeship system (1820–1860) / Census shows great increase in the types of occupations (1850) / Widespread use of child labor (1870) / Railroads first to accomplish managerial revolution with professional managers (1880s) / Farming is the largest occupation (1880–1920)

MILESTONES: Eli Whitney invents interchangeable parts, making mass production possible (early 1800s) • Gold rush in California and the West (1848–1860) • Bessemer steel process invented (1850s) • Thomas Edison invents the phonograph (1876) and motion picture (1888) • First funeral chapel built in the U.S. (1885)

1900–1929 ∼ Emergence of Women in the Workplace

Percentage of women in clerical positions rises from 34 percent in 1910 to 49 percent in 1930 / Mass migration of workers across the nation (1915–1919) / African-Americans comprise more than 20 percent of the workers in the Chicago stockyards (1917) / World War I draws women into industrial occupations (1917–1918) / Smith-Hughes Act provides federal matching funds for vocational education (1917) / War Labor Board created to protect labor (1917) / Student participation in agricultural education increases 250 percent from 1918–1921

MILESTONES: Formation of the Ford Motor Company (1903) • Oregon hires the first policewoman in America (1905) • National Hockey Association (NHA) founded (1909) • Jeanette Rankin, from Montana, is the first woman elected to Congress (1916) • Over 800,000 workers invest more than a billion dollars in 315 companies (1927)

1930–1939 ∼ Depression Years

Census shows the presence of women in all occupations (1930) / First psychoanalytic institute for training analysts opens in Boston (1930) / One-third of college professors are women (1930) / Women dominate the professions of teaching, nursing, and social work (1930) / Industrial occupations and farming greatly decrease (1930–1980) / Severe drought in the South and Midwest drives farmers off the land (1930s) / Fair Labor Standards Act establishes minimum wages, maximum hours, and the abolition of child labor (1938)

MILESTONES: Bobby Jones becomes the first golfer to complete the Grand Slam, winning the British and U.S.

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