The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Mitochondria are double membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles (they are enclosed by two independent lipoprotein membranes) found in almost all higher plant and animal cells. Although they vary considerably in size and shape even within a single cell over time, mitochondria are usually bean-shaped or thread-like with an average diameter of about 0.5 nm and a length ranging from one to hundreds of meters. Mitochondria often move rapidly around the cell interior, constantly changing size or shape. There might be a few giant interconnected mitochondrial networks in a cell at one time, or they may break up into hundreds or thousands of individual mitochondria under different conditions.
Mitochondria serve as the principle energy source for all animal cells and for plant cells when light is absent. A complex set of enzymes and cofactors located both in the interior of the mitochondrion and in its inner membrane carry out a series of reactions that break down energy-rich organic compounds. The energy released by these reactions is captured by a process called oxidative phosphorylation and used to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a stable chemical compound that serves as the currency for macromolecular synthesis, mechanical motion, transmembrane transport, and almost all other metabolic and physiological activities at the cellular level.
It is widely believed that mitochondria probably arose sometime far back in history as a result of a symbiotic relationship between a prokaryotic (bacterial-like) cell and a nucleus-containing proto-eukaryotic cell. Mitochondria have many similarities to free-living bacteria including their own genetic material and a bacterial-like protein synthesizing system. There are also many similarities between the enzymes that carry out oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and those that are responsible for photosynthesis in chloroplasts, suggesting that one of these systems might be evolutionary descendants of the other.