The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
Linkage is a term used to describe the physical association of genes located on the same chromosome. When genes are located on the same chromosome, they do not assort independently and, as a result, linked genes are separated only by breakage or cross-over during meiosis.
When genes are closely linked, the alleles inherited from one parent tend to stay together. Correspondingly, the alleles from the other parent also stay together during assortment. The characters and traits (e.g., seed cover smoothness, flower color, etc.) associated with linked genes fail to follow expected Mendelian mathematical distributions in offspring when compared to alleles that are inherited independently of one another.
Linkage can be established by conducting a test cross (e.g., the mating of a dihybrid with a homozygous recessive for a particular trait. Test crosses are valuable to geneticists because they provide insight into the actual genotype of the gametes involved in a mating.
Linkage is also a term used to describe the phenomenon of two or more non-allelomorphic genes repeatedly occurring in the same gamete (a haploid reproductive cell). These genes and their appropriate alleles are passed from generation to generation as a joined unit not subject to separation through independent assortment.
Because linkage occurs on the same chromosome, one chromosome is one linkage group. When cross over occurs during meiosis (cell division that produces four haploid gametes), the linkage breaks down. Crossing over is the exchange of genes by chromosomes during meiosis that alters the genetic information contained within the chromosome. The further apart the alleles are on the chromosome the more likely a cross over event will occur between their respective locations.
Linkage values and changes in linkage values following cell division provide a rough guide to the physical distance between genes located on the same chromosome. Cross-over mapping produced some of the earliest forms of genetic (or linkage) maps. Linkage maps were based on the percentages of cross-over between linked non-allelomorphic genes and showed the relative locations of genes within the chromosomes of an organism.