1820–1899 ∼ Coming to America
Factories employ entire families of immigrants (1820s–1830s) / Old Immigration from England, Ireland, Scandinavia, and Germany (1830–1870) / Fourteenth Amendment declares that all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens (1866) /New Wave immigration, mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe (1880–1920) / Supreme Court rules in Plessy v. Ferguson that a person with mixed blood should be considered black (1896) / Chinese Exclusion Act restricts immigrant workers (1882 and 1884)
MILESTONES: Fugitive Slave Law requires the return of runaway slaves to their owners (1850) • Land Act gives whites in California legal control over Mexican property and voting rights (1851) • Homestead Act promises land to pioneer settlers in the west (1862) • Fifteenth Amendment declares all men eligible to vote without regard to race (1870) • Open door trade policy with China initiated (1899) • Philippine uprising after Spanish American War (1899–1902)
1900–1919 ∼ Mass Migration
Chinese immigration banned except for diplomats, students, and merchants (1900) / Mexicans strike against the Pacific Electric Railway company for equal wages and parity (1903) / The only foreign born residents of the U .S . ineligible for citizenship are Asians (1913) / Seven thousand Japanese plantation workers in Hawaii stage a four month long strike (1909)
MILESTONES: Mass migration of workers across the nation (1915–1919) • Child labor abuse made a federal crime (1916) • War Labor Board created to protect labor (1917) • Unions fall into government and public disfavor (1919–1920)
1920–1929 ∼ Restricting Immigration
Restricted Filipino immigration; unlimited Western Hemisphere immigration (1920s) / Permanent immigration quotas imposed (1921 and 1924) / Japanese and Filipino farm workers strike against Hawaiian plantation owners (1920 and 1924) / Cable Act declares that an American woman married to an alien loses her citizenship (1922)
MILESTONES: Formation of the Negro National League in baseball (1920) • Bessie Coleman becomes first African-American female pilot, earning her license in France because of segregation in the U.S.
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