The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
Hot spots are regions of the prokaryotic and eukaroytic genomes that are prone to mutational alteration. These regions are often associated with cytosine, on of the four bases comprising deoxyribonucleic acid. Cytosine residues are commonly methylated-- a CH3group is incorporated onto carbon 5 of the cytosine molecule. The formation of 5-methylcytosine may have a role in regulating the rate of transcription. As well, the methylated cytosine can disintegrate into another molecule, methyl uracil. Since cytosine normally pairs with its complimentary base, guanine, and methyl uracil pairs with a different base, adenine, the coding sequence of the DNA is changed. Mutations in the gene product can result.
Numerous clinically relevant examples of hot spot mutations exist in prokayotes and eukaryotes. The herpes simplex virus, whose infection causes a serious health threat to those afflicted with AIDS, can persist because it is resistant to the antiviral agent acyclovir. Acyclovir resistance is due to a deficiency in the activity of an enzyme called thymidine kinase. Molecular studies of acyclovir-resistance clinical isolates have shown that the resistance is the result of frame shift mutations within two nucleotide regions of the viral DNA.
Hot spots are of crucial importance in the generation of skin cancer. With over a million new cases annually in the Unites States alone, skin cancer rivals the incidence of all other types of cancer combined. Researchers have shown that the carcinogenic factor in sunlight is ultraviolet B radiation. UVB causes mutations at points on a DNA strand containing a specific arrangement of nucleotide bases-- a pyrimidine base, where cytosine or thymine lies adjacent to another pyrimidine. The UVB most often changes the cytosine to thymidine, which affects the protein that is ultimately produced. Researchers have shown that a gene designated p53 is most susceptible to the mutagenic action of UVB. The p53 gene is also a hot spot for mutations associated with other cancers, such as breast, colorectal, liver, lung and ovarian cancers.