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Health and Medicine

Timeline

1600–1899 ∼ Breaking Ground

William Harvey describes the circulation of blood in England (1628) / Edward Jenner develops smallpox vaccination in England (1796) / First use of anesthetic (ether) on humans in U.S. (1842) / Louis Pasteur first demonstrates use of antibiotics in France (1887) / Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovers X-rays in Germany (1895)

MILESTONES: Isaac Newton makes significant contributions to mathematics, physics, astronomy, and optics (1600s) • Oliver Evans builds the first steam-powered motor vehicle in the U.S. (1805) • Bessemer steel process invented (1850s) • George Eastman invents celluloid rolls of film for use in Kodak cameras (1888)

1900–1909 ∼ Institutional Involvement

U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission shows mosquitoes as the disease carrier of malaria (1900) / U.S. Public Health Service identifies the hookworm parasite devastating the Southern population (1902) / Pure Food and Drug Act sets standards for food and drug control (1906) / First mental health organization is the Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene (1908) / Karl Landsteiner classifies blood groups in Austria (1909)

MILESTONES: German physicist Max Planck presents the quantum theory that energy is emitted from heated objects in units called quanta instead of being discharged continuously (1900) • Einstein theorizes that light is composed of particles that he calls photons (1905) • Hybrid corn is the United States’ most valuable crop, adding $1.6 billion to the economy (1908)

1910–1919 ∼ Broadening Health Care Concerns

Salvarsan used against syphilis (1910) / Measles discovered to be a viral infection (1911) / Congress creates United States Public Health Service (1912) / Vitamin A discovered (1912), Vitamin D (1917) / American Cancer Society founded (1913) / Water chlorination for purification is initiated in the United States (1913) / Mammography developed to detect breast cancer (1913) / Pasteurization of milk begins in large cities (1914) / Curative effect of sunlight on rickets is discovered (1919)

MILESTONES: Einstein develops his theory of relativity (1910) • Theodore W.

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