From the prehistorical era, fire has generated the energy that allowed human beings to warm themselves and their surroundings, illuminate the darkness, prepare food, and create artifacts with both utilitarian and aesthetic value. More recently, fire has powered transportation and manufacturing and served as an object of and means for research.

These dual aspects of fire are represented in its deeply symbolic character. From the earliest periods fire has served as a symbol for moral and intellectual achievement. Many religions use fire in ceremonies, as in candles and funeral pyres. Fire is also common in celebrations, such as birthday candles and fireworks.

Although fire is indispensable to human beings and civilization, it also can kill and destroy or be used as a means for intentional destruction and warfare. The great library at Alexandria was destroyed by fire in 47 B.C.E. and the Chicago fire of October 1871 forced...