The Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence

Jerome Kagan, Executive Editor
Susan Gall, Managing Editor

Gale Research Staff

Kyung Lim Kalasky, Coordinating Editor
Mary Beth Trimper, Production Director
Evi Seoud, Production Manager
Shanna Heilveil, Production Assistant
Cynthia Baldwin, Production Design Manager

While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in the publication, Gale Research does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1984.

This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement and classification of the information.

All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended.

Copyright © 1998

All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.

ISBN 0-8103-9884-2

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The Gale encyclopedia of childhood and adolescence / Jerome Kagan, executive editor ; Susan Gall, managing editor.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8103-9884-2 (alk. paper)

1. Child development-Encyclopedias. 2. Child psychology-Encyclopedias. 3. Adolescence-Encyclopedias. 4. Adolescent psychology-Encyclopedias. I. Kagan, Jerome.

II. Gall, Susan B.

HQ772.G27 1997

305.231′ 03-dc21

97-29270

CIP