Aluminum
Aluminum is the second element in Group 13 of the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 13 and an atomic mass of 26.98. Its chemical symbol is Al.
Aluminum is a silver-like metal with a slightly bluish tint. It has a melting point of 1,220°F (660°C), a boiling point of about 4,440°F (2,450°C), and a density of 2.708 grams per cubic centimeter. Aluminum is both ductile and malleable.
Aluminum is a very good conductor of electricity, surpassed only by silver and copper in this regard. However, aluminum is much less expensive than either silver and copper. For that reason, engineers are currently trying to discover new ways in which aluminum can be used to replace silver and copper in electrical wires and equipment.
Aluminum has one interesting and very useful chemical property. In moist air, it combines readily with oxygen to form aluminum oxide: 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3.
The aluminum oxide forms a thin, whitish coating on the aluminum metal that prevents the metal from reacting further with oxygen. That is, it protects the metal from further corrosion.
Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, ranking only behind oxygen and silicon. It makes up about 9% of the Earth's crust, making it the most abundant of all metals.
Aluminum occurs in nature as a compound, never as a pure metal. The primary commercial source for aluminum is the mineral bauxite, a complex compound consisting of aluminum, oxygen, and other elements. Bauxite is found in many parts of the world, including Australia, Brazil, Guinea, Jamaica, Russia, and the United States. In the United States, aluminum is produced in Montana, Oregon, Washington, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee.
Aluminum is extracted from bauxite in a two-step process. In the first step, aluminum oxide is separated from bauxite. Then aluminum metal is produced from aluminum oxide.
At one time, The extraction of pure aluminum metal from aluminum oxide was very difficult. That process requires that aluminum oxide first be melted, then electrolyzed. But aluminum oxide melts at only very high temperatures.
An inexpensive method for carrying out this operation was discovered in 1886 by Charles Martin Hall, at the time, a student at Oberlin College in Ohio. Hall found that aluminum oxide will melt at a much lower temperature if it is first mixed with a mineral known as cryolite. When an electric current is passed through a molten mixture of aluminum oxide and cryolite, aluminum metal is produced very easily.
At the time of Hall's discovery, aluminum was a very expensive metal. It sold for about $20 per kilogram ($10 per pound) and was displayed at the 1855 Paris Exposition next the the French crown jewels. As a result of Hall's research, the price of aluminum dropped to less than $1 per kilogram (about $.40 per pound).
Aluminum was named for one of its most important compounds, alum, a compound of potassium, aluminum, sulfur and oxygen. The chemical name for alum is potassium aluminum sulfate, KAl(SO4)2.
Alum has been widely used by humans for thousands of years. It was mined in ancient Greece and then sold to the Turks who used it to make a beautiful red dye known as Turkey red. Alum has also been long used as a mordant in dyeing. In addition, alum was used as an astringent to treat injuries.
Eventually, chemists began to realize that alum might contain a new element. The first person to actually produce aluminum from a mineral was the Danish chemist and physicist Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851). Oersted was not very successful, however, in producing a very pure form of aluminum.
The first pure sample of aluminum metal was not made until 1827 when the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler heated a combination of aluminum chloride and potassium metal. Being more active, the potassium replaces the aluminum, as shown by the following equation:
3K + AlCl3 —heat 3KCl + Al
The chemical symbol for aluminum, Al, is taken from the first two letters of the element's name. In some parts of the world, the element's name is spelled and pronounced somewhat differently, as aluminium (or al-yoo-MIN-ee-um).
Aluminum is usually used not as a pure metal, but as an alloy. The aluminum industry has developed a special system for labeling the alloys of aluminum. The 1,000 aluminum alloys, for example, are nearly pure aluminum metal. The 2000 series consists of alloys of aluminum and copper. The 3000 series includes alloys of aluminum and manganese. The 4000 series are alloys of aluminum and silicon; the 5000 series are alloys of aluminum and magnesium; the 6000 series are alloys of aluminum, magnesium, and silicon; the 7000 series are alloys of aluminum and zinc.
The largest single use of aluminum alloys is in the transportation industry. Car and truck manufacturers like aluminum alloys because they are strong, but lightweight. Another important use of aluminum alloys is in the packaging industry. Aluminum foil, beer and soft drink cans, paint tubes, and containers for home products are all made of aluminum alloys. Other uses of aluminum alloys include window and door frames, screens, roofing, siding, electrical wires and appliances, automobile engines, heating and cooling systems, kitchen utensils, garden furniture, and heavy machinery.
Aluminum is also made into a large variety of compounds with many industrial and practical uses. Aluminum ammonium sulfate, Al(NH4)(SO4)2, is used as a mordant, in water purification and sewage treatment systems, in paper production and the tanning of leather, and as a food additive. Aluminum borate (Al2O3B2O3) is used in the production of glass and ceramics.
One of the most widely used compounds is aluminum chloride (AlCl3), employed in the manufacture of paints, antiperspirants, and synthetic rubber. It is also important in the process of converting crude petroleum into useful products, such as gasoline, diesel and heating oil, and kerosene.
Alum still has many important applications, such as in the manufacture of paper and in leather tanning, in fire extinguisher systems, as a mordant, and as a fireproofing and fire retardant material.
This is the complete article, containing 981 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page).
