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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Edmund Wilson, Babeuf saw the center of power during the French Revolution as being ______________.

2. What Renaissance thinker did Michelet discover?

3. How old was Babeuf during the Revolution?

4. What did Fourier and Owen believe about the role of government?

5. According to the author, what ended with the French Revolution?

Short Essay Questions

1. Describe Babeuf's early career.

2. What was Renan's view of society?

3. Describe the evolution of Marx's philosophical thinking.

4. What intellectual tradition had Michelet inherited from the Middle Ages?

5. Describe Anatole France's career.

6. Describe Marx's time as the editor of a Cologne newspaper.

7. Describe Michelet's methods?

8. In what way did Taine distinguish between history and science?

9. What was Michelet's approach to narrating history?

10. What opinions were shared by Fourier and Owen?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

What is the relationship between socialism and communism? Where did communes become an integral part of the vision for Russia?

Essay Topic 2

Compare and contrast the philosophies of two political or economic philosophers of your choice. How are their philosophies similar? How are they different?

Essay Topic 3

What changes in European and Russian cultures created ripe conditions for the socialist thought that led from Hegel to Michelet and, ultimately, to Lenin? Was it industrialism, or was it economic transition itself?

(see the answer keys)

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