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Part 1, Chapters 1-2

• Giavanni Vico's work led Jules Michelet to consider history as a consistent, scientifically knowable subject.
• With access to the French Archives, Michelet wrote a book about the Middle Ages, when the idea was born that man could be improved.

Part 1, Chapters 3-4

• Michelet focused on the contradictions and paradoxes in history from the perspective of people who were there.
• Radicalized by his view of history's development, Michelet lost his teaching job and his position at the head of the Archives.

Part 1, Chapters 5-6

• Michelet viewed history in terms of nations, and he called for an armed league of workers to enforce the peace in Europe.
• Renan and Taine contributed to the historical development that Michelet had started with work about the morality of society.

Part 1, Chapters 7-8

• Taine tried to approach history as a science, even though he acknowledged that it could not be quantified...

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