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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. How did Jarvious Cotton's great-grandfather die?

2. When was the major conference held called "Why We Can't Wait: Reversing the Retreat on Civil Rights"?

3. When were Michael Whren and James Brown stopped by plainclothes officers and searched?

4. When did the CIA admit that guerilla armies it actively supported in Nicaragua were smuggling crack cocaine into the United States?

5. By the end of 2007, how many Americans were behind bars, on probation, or on parole, according to the author in Chapter 2: "The Lockdown"?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was dedided in the case of California v. Acevedo?

2. What is Federalism and what role has it played in racial oppression, according to the author in Chapter 1: "The Rebirth of Caste"?

3. How has the U.S. penal population changed from 1980 to today?

4. How are the circumstances of Robert Robinette's arrest described in Chapter 2: "The Lockdown"?

5. What does a "consent search" refer to?

6. How does the author define "caste"? What is meant by "racial caste"?

7. When did Terry v. Ohio go to the Supreme Court? What was the ruling?

8. What does "Jim Crow" refer to?

9. How do incarceration rates in the U.S. compare with those in other countries across the globe?

10. How did the concept of "race" emerge in America, according to the author in Chapter 1: "The Rebirth of Caste"?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

What are the repercussions a defendant may face for taking a plea deal instead of facing mandatory sentences for drug offenses? What are some of the examples of costs that a defendant may face after trial? How can these costs oppress a former inmate?

Essay Topic 2

Discuss the history of African slavery in the United States. When did slavery emerge? When did the Transatlantic Slave Trade end? When was slavery abolished and what forms of oppression followed it?

Essay Topic 3

How does the author define "racial caste"? What systems are in place to establish and maintain racial castes today? What systems from the past does the author discuss?

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