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Major Conflicts

1519-1522—Conquest of Mexico
1521-1529—Turkish invasion of southern Europe
1522-1559—Hapsburg-Valois Wars
1524-1525—Peasants' War
1546-1547—Schmalkaldic War
1557-1582—Livonian War
1562-1598—French wars of religion
1585-1589—War of the Three Henries

Important Events to 1600

1492

• Alonso de Nebrija publishes his grammar of Spanish, the first grammar of any vernacular language in Europe. In his introduction he writes that "language is the companion of empire."
•   1 Jan.

  Ferdinand and Isabella conquer the kingdom of Granada, ending eight hundred years of Muslim rule on the Iberian peninsula.

•   31 Mar.

  The decree of expulsion is issued in Spain, requiring all Jews to leave or convert to Christianity within three months.

•   12 Oct.

  After six weeks at sea Christopher Columbus makes landfall in the Caribbean.

1493

• Maximilian I is the first to take the title of "Holy Roman Emperor elect."

1494

• Pope Alexander.....

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