Throughout the Western world, the eighteenth century was an age of scientific investigation and technological advancement. Science was separating itself from philosophical speculation, alchemy (an early chemical theory that centered around the idea that nonprecious metals could be transformed into gold), and superstition. In addition, the world of work was changing as a result of discoveries about the physical properties of materials and the development of efficient production methods. The American colonies participated in this movement, spurred on by the conditions of colonial life. Isolation, the new environment, and economic growth all contributed to the inventiveness of European colonists in the New World. Moreover, the adventurous mindset that led people to try their chances in a new continent also led them to investigate their world and explore new ideas.

Innovation and Discovery

Isolated farming families had limited access to the latest tools...