In England the first successful birth of a human test-tube baby occurs.

10 Aug.

The ten provincial premiers of Canada unanimously reject Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's plan for a new Canadian constitution.

12 Aug.

Japan and China sign a ten-year treaty of peace.

22 Aug.

In Managua, Nicaragua, twenty-five Sandinista guerrillas seize the National Palace, killing six guards and wounding dozens of others. Holding hundreds hostage, they secure the release of fifty-nine prisoners, five hundred thousand dollars in ransom, and safe passage to Panama. In September fighting breaks out between Sandinistas and government troops in several provincial towns.

8 Sept.

Following massive antigovernment demonstrations in twelve cities and hundreds of deaths in Tehran, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi declares martial law in Iran.

17 Sept.

Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, Egyptian president Anwar as-Sadat, and U.S. president Jimmy Carter conclude eleven days of peace negotiations at Camp David, Maryland. The discussions end with the...