As federal troops fought in overseas venues, many troops were also sent to the front lines of labor disputes throughout the decade. In the 1903-1904 strike by miners in Colorado, federal troops arrested and deported many union members. General estimates of the treatment of union members include 42 deaths, 112 wounded, 1,345 arrests and imprisonments in military concentration camps, and 733 deported from the state. More than one thousand troops were deployed the first month of the strike under the leadership of Gen. Sherman Bell, a former Rough Rider. Federal troops were not released until 1904, and during that period General Bell declared martial law, forced the resignation of city officials believed friendly to strikers, shut down some newspapers, and required gun registration of all citizens. Bell's actions were controversial, particularly after it was revealed that in addition to his military pay, he was receiving...