History Today, August 1st, 2003
GIUSEPPE MELCHIORRE Sarto, patriarch and cardinal of Venice from 1893, the son of an Italian village postman, was sixty-eight when he was chosen to succeed Pope Leo XIII. His choice of name was significant, aligning him with Pius IX, who had earlier denounced the idea that 'the Roman pontiff can and should reconcile and harmonise himself with progress, with liberalism and with recent civilisation.' A steadfast and outspoken conservative, who would help to revive Gregorian chant, the new pope was immediately confronted with rampant anticlericalism in France, where monasteries and nunneries we...
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