Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science, April 1st, 2005
Xenoliths are rock fragments or inclusions that are torn from the sides of lava tubes and caught up in magma as it moves through Earth. Xenoliths provide samples of the deep parts of the lower crust and upper mantle. We analyzed several xenoliths from two sites, Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico, and Cima Volcanic Field in the Mojave Desert, California. Steam explosions due to heating of water-saturated sand and silt strata from rising basaltic magma formed Kilbourne Hole. Approximately 40 cinder cones characterize Cima Volcanic Field, where the magma is also of basaltic composition. A fundamental ...
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