Summary:
Gender plays a very significant role in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Although the main characters of the story, Gilgamesh and Enkidu, are male, and while men were considered to be the most powerful and wisest humans and gods, women had the power to significantly influence these men.
Gender Roles in the Epic of Gilgamesh
In the Epic of Gilgamesh, gender plays a very significant role. While women were not the most powerful gods nor the strongest or wisest of humans, they still had tremendous influence. Though the main characters of the story, Gilgamesh and Enkidu, are male, women did not play a necessarily minor role. With all the women that play a role in the Epic of Gilgamesh, gender is a topic worthy of discussion.
The obvious role of men in the Epic of Gilgamesh is that of the position of power. Anu, a male, is the most powerful God. Furthermore, not only is Gilgamesh the king of Uruk, but he is also two-thirds divine, which gives him unparalleled power, at least in the human world. This is evident in the way he rules. "By day and by night his tyranny grows harsher... lets no daughter go free to her mother... lets no girl go free to her bridegroom." (George, I, 69-75).
Women, on the other hand, play many more roles than men in this classic. Take Ninsun, the mother of Gilgamesh, for example. She plays the role of the loving, caring mother and also that of the wise counselor that provides guidance. From the very beginning of the book, Gilgamesh seeks guidance from his mother. When he has two dreams about an axe and a meteor, full of concern, he seeks the advice of his mother. At this point, she plays the role of the guiding, comforting mother by analyzing his dreams and relating the two objects to something good, Enkidu, that will soon come into Gilgamesh's life. "My son, the axe you saw is a friend...and I, Ninsun, I shall make him your equal. A mighty comrade will come to you, and be his friend's saviour..." (George, I, 288-291).
After Enkidu and Gilgamesh become the best of friends, they decide to go to the cedar forest and take on Humbaba. Again, Ninsun takes on her motherly role by praying to Shamash, the sun God, to protect Gilgamesh and Enkidu, whom she has also taken in as a son. "O Shamash, rise against Humbaba the mighty gale winds...let rise thirteen winds and Humbaba's face darken, let the weapons of Gilgamesh then read Humbaba!" (George, III, 88-93). Clearly, gender plays a significant role in terms of Ninsun being a wise woman in a motherly position.
Ninsun is not the only woman that takes on the role of a wise woman who provides guidance. After passing through the twin mountains of Mashu, Gilgamesh encounters Shiduri, the tavern keeper. Lost in his wanderings, he is forced to seek advice from her on how to reach Uta-napishti. It is ironic because after his blatant abuse of power and mistreatment of women, as mentioned above, it is a woman that he seeks advice from in one of his weakest moments. She tells him how to reach Uta-napishti and the dangers that lay in between and tells him to find Ur-shanabi so that he may continue his journey.
In addition to providing guidance, women also play powerful roles. Take Shamhat for example. She uses the power of sex and curiosity to lure Enkidu away from his wild environment. After having sex for seven days and seven nights, Enkidu was no longer able to return to live amongst the animals and was forced to learn the ways of civilized life, which Shamhat taught him. It is easy to see that at this point in the epic, Shamhat clearly possessed the upper hand over Enkidu. He succumbed to her every word, learned the ways of morality and man, and was even convinced to go stand up to the mighty king of Uruk, which ultimately led to the friendship between Enkidu and Gilgamesh.
Ishtar also takes on the role of a powerful woman. The goddess of love used her sexual power over men. Not only did she use it to get the man she wanted, but she used this power to dominate and hurt the men that loved her. Knowing that her love would eventually lead to his loss of independence and power and his ultimate downfall, Gilgamesh rejects her marriage proposal. He points out her previous relationships. "You loved the speckled allallu-bird, but struck him down and broke his wing...you loved the horse, so famed in battle, but you made his destiny whip, spur and lash." (George, VI, 47-54). Rejected and angered, Ishtar exercises her divine power and has her father send the Bull of Heaven against Gilgamesh and Enkidu. While the two conquer this opposition, this display of power ultimately has the most significant effect on Gilgamesh's life. The Gods decide that Enkidu, Gilgamesh's best friend and brother, must die for this act. Clearly, Ishtar's role in the Epic of Gilgamesh was a very powerful one in which she manipulated both men and gods to get what she wanted, in one way or another.
It can easily be seen that while men were considered to be the most powerful and wisest humans and gods, women had the power to significantly influence these men. From Uta-napishti's wife who convinced Uta-napishti to tell Gilgamesh about the plant that would make him young again to the examples mentioned above, several women were put in roles that had important effects on the men they encountered. Of course, this is not much different from the society we live in today. While many may believe that women have still not reached the point of true equality, it is hard to say that they are inferior and the significance of their roles in society is undeniable.
This is the complete article, containing 931 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page).
