Summary:
Social Darwinism is still occurring in the twenty-first century. For that matter, business had to struggled in order to survive in the economy. Whether, Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. or James Livingston is under as a robber baron, or an innovator. They will definitely be applied under Darwin's theory. The process that only the fittest would survive.
What is a robber baron, and what is an innovator? The name, robber baron, explains itself; a business leader who built their fortunes by stealing from the public, persuade officer officials to interpret laws in their favor, and expected their workers to work under unhealthful and extremely dangerous conditions such as on the railroad. An innovator on the other hand, is the absolute opposite of a robber baron, business leaders who served their nation in a positive way; such as, creating jobs that enabled many citizens the chance to work and raise their standards of living, and created public buildings for the advantage of the people.
During the early twentieth century, a man by the name of Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. argued that businessmen/merchants during the period of the nineteenth century should spend the majority of their time carrying goods through the process of production and distribution. Businessmen should not act as if they were farmers, who produced crops and spend most of their time working on the farm. At that period, many innovations were developed to manufacture goods in an easy manner. These innovations created a demand for cotton from the United States to international trades. Wholesalers were formed to offer cottons manufactured in the United States to sale to its consumers. For that matter, Alfred Chandler is classified as a caption of industry, and as an innovator.
On the other hand, James Livingston is a robber baron for his knowledge on the new labor history and the new economic history. Stating that the working class on their own was capable of winning battles against big businesses. James Livingston also stated that a citizen must be able to do labor and then proceed into estimating incomes, and social power. James Livingston's theory on social power includes wages, gross surplus available to manufacturers, and the growth of productivity of a skilled worker. Issues between labors were starting to erupt, because of a decrease in wages, and the breaking of the unions. At last, skilled workers were above wageworkers in theory of flexibility conditions, and a greater efficiency in the labor process. He also thought of the workers as wageworkers rather than a skilled worker. James Livingston, and Charles Darwin are very similar in perspective. A social Darwinism theory that only the fittest could survive to proceed.
In the business perspective, their goals are to become successful and simply to survive. When business has failed, and unable to maintain a smooth transition; the workers are looked upon to blame. Workers' wages would be reduced, and a strike between the workers and the businesses would occur. The government is now the business owner's last cried for help as in the robber baron theory. Therefore, both Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. and James Livingston are a robber baron and an innovator in some aspects. Both historians were descriptively leading the nation in a positive way, and when a depression occur the business owners had to limit their salary in order to support the business.
Social Darwinism is still occurring in the twenty-first century. For that matter, business had to struggled in order to survive in the economy. Whether, Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. or James Livingston is under as a robber baron, or an innovator. They will definitely be applied under Darwin's theory. The process that only the fittest would survive.
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