Aim: To create a solution of standardized hydrochloric acid with an accurate concentration, which then can be used to titrate and analyse samples of `cloudy' ammonia.

Introduction:

This experiment is based on volumetric analysis, which is a quantitative technique to determine the concentration of a solution through a series of chemical reactions, including neutralisation of an acid or base. Titration is the process used to neutralise a substance, in order to find the end point and the equivalence point of the desired substance.

Materials:

• Burette with stand, a pipette with filler, a small funnel
• A spatula, and a 1.325 gram sample of anhydrous sodium carbonate
• An electronic balance
• Wash bottle with distilled water
• Conical flask(s)
• 250 mL standard flask
• Methyl orange indicator
• 10 mL sample of `cloudy' ammonia
• 10 mL pipette, 20 mL pipette
• Volumetric flask

(Part 1)

1. The hydrochloric acid was to be reacted against a primary...