Navigation

Early European History eBook

Hutton Webster

Table of Contents
Section	Page

Start of eBook	1
CHAPTER	1
XVIII. FEUDALISM	3
XXII. EUROPEAN NATIONS DURING THE LATER MIDDLE AGES	3
XXIV. MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION	4
XXVI. GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION	4
INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY	5
LIST OF MAPS	8
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY	10
WORKS ON THE STUDY AND TEACHING OF HISTORY	10
DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS	11
SYLLABI	11
ATLASES	12
WALL MAPS AND CHARTS	12
OUTLINE MAPS	13
ILLUSTRATIONS	13
WORKS OF TRAVEL	14
HISTORICAL FICTION	15
HISTORICAL POETRY	16
SOURCES	17
MODERN WORKS	18
GENERAL WORKS	18
PREHISTORIC TIMES	18
ORIENTAL HISTORY	19
GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY	19
MEDIEVAL HISTORY	21
TRANSITION TO MODERN TIMES	23
CHAPTER I	23
SUBJECT MATTER OF HISTORY	23
MANUSCRIPTS AND BOOKS	23
INSCRIPTIONS AND REMAINS	24
BEGINNINGS OF HISTORY	24
THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD	24
THE TWO AGES	25
THE STONE AGE	25
THE AGE OF METALS	25
COPPER	25
BRONZE	25
IRON	26
FIRST STEPS TOWARD CIVILIZATION	26
HUNTING AND FISHING STAGE	26
DOMESTICATION OF THE DOG	26
THE COW	26
THE HORSE	27
OTHER ANIMALS DOMESTICATED	27
PASTORAL STAGE	27
AGRICULTURAL STAGE	27
PICTURE WRITING	27
SOUND WRITING; THE REBUS	28
WORDS AND SYLLABLES	28
LETTERS	28
EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS	29
PHOENICIAN ALPHABET	29
DIFFUSION OF THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET	29
FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE	29
COUNTING AND MEASURING	30
CALCULATION OF TIME; THE CALENDAR	30
EARLY DRAWING AND PAINTING	30
EARLY ARCHITECTURE	31
SIGNIFICANCE OF PREHISTORIC ART	31
RACES OF MAN	31
CLASSIFICATION OF RACES	31
THE WHITE RACE	31
INDO-EUROPEANS AND SEMITES	32
PRINCIPAL INDO-EUROPEAN PEOPLES	32
PRINCIPAL SEMITIC PEOPLES	32
STUDIES	32
FOOTNOTES	33
CHAPTER II	34
GRAND DIVISIONS OF ASIA	34
FARTHER ASIA	34
CHINA	34
INDIA	34
INDIA AND THE WEST	35
NEARER ASIA	35
COUNTRIES OF NEARER ASIA	35
INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS	35
THE TIGRIS AND THE EUPHRATES	35
PRODUCTIONS OF BABYLONIA	35
BABYLONIA AN EARLY CENTER OF CIVILIZATION	36
LOWER AND UPPER EGYPT	36
EGYPT THE GIFT OF THE NILE	36
ANNUAL INUNDATION OF THE NILE	37
EGYPT AN EARLY CENTER OF CIVILIZATION	37
INHABITANTS OF BABYLONIA	37
AFTER THE PYRAMID KINGS	39
THE EGYPTIAN EMPIRE	39
IMPERIAL SPLENDOR OF EGYPT	39
DECLINE OF THE EGYPTIAN POWER	40
THE PHOENICIANS	40
THE HEBREWS	40
PERIOD OF THE JUDGES	40
REIGNS OF SAUL AND DAVID	40
DECLINE OF THE HEBREW POWER	41
CHARACTER OF ASSYRIAN RULE	41
PARTITION OF ASSYRIA	43
ORGANIZATION OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE	44
THE SATRAPAL SYSTEM	44
PERSIAN ROADS	45
UNION OF THE EAST UNDER PERSIA	45
STUDIES	45
FOOTNOTES	46
CHAPTER III	46
REDISCOVERY OF THE ORIENT	46
THE KING AS AUTOCRAT	47
THE KING’S DUTIES	47
NOBLES AND PRIESTS	47
THE MIDDLE CLASS	47
WORKMEN AND PEASANTS	48
SLAVES	48
FARMING	48
MANUFACTURING	48
TRADE	49
MONEY	49
COINAGE	49
BANKING	49
ASIATIC COMMERCE	50
COMMERCE WITH EUROPE	50
PHOENICIAN IMPORTS AND EXPORTS	50
PHOENICIAN VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION	51
PHOENICIAN SETTLEMENTS	51
BABYLONIAN CONTRACTS	51
CODE OF HAMMURABI	52
SUBJECT MATTER OF HAMMURABI’S CODE	52
IMPORTANCE OF HAMMURABI’S CODE	52
THE MOSAIC CODE	52
NATURE WORSHIP	53
BABYLONIAN BELIEF IN EVIL SPIRITS	53
MAGIC	53
ASTROLOGY	53
EGYPTIAN ANIMAL WORSHIP	53
MONOTHEISM IN PERSIA	54
HEBREW MONOTHEISM	54
EGYPTIAN IDEAS OF THE FUTURE LIFE	54
BABYLONIAN AND HEBREW IDEAS OF THE FUTURE LIFE	54
THE EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD	55
THE BABYLONIAN EPICS	55
THE HEBREW BIBLE	56
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE	56
ARCHITECTURE IN BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA	56
EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE	56
SCULPTURE IN BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA	57
ORIENTAL PAINTING	57
ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRY	57
ASTRONOMY	57
GEOGRAPHY	58
PRACTICAL SCIENCES	58
THE TEMPLE SCHOOL	58
THE SCRIBES	58
THE TEMPLE LIBRARY	59
WIDESPREAD POPULAR IGNORANCE	59
STUDIES	59
FOOTNOTES	60
CHAPTER IV	60
EUROPE A PENINSULA OF ASIA	60
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF EUROPE	61
CENTRAL AND NORTHERN EUROPE	61
SOUTHERN EUROPE	61
THE AEGEAN SEA	61
CONTINENTAL GREECE	62
THE AEGEAN ISLANDS	62
WESTERN ASIA MINOR	62
INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS	62
A PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATION	63
SCHLIEMANN’S EXCAVATIONS AT TROY	63
SCHLIEMANN’S EXCAVATIONS AT MYCENAE AND TIRYNS	63
EVANS’S EXCAVATIONS AT GNOSSUS	64
ANTIQUITY OF AEGEAN CIVILIZATION	64
THE FINE ARTS	64
COMMERCE	64
DOWNFALL OF AEGEAN CIVILIZATION	65
COMING OF THE NORTHERN BARBARIANS	65
THE HOMERIC EPICS	65
INDUSTRY	65
SOCIAL LIFE	66
LAW AND MORALITY	66
HOMERIC GEOGRAPHY	66
THE OLYMPIAN COUNCIL	67
ATTRIBUTES OF THE DEITIES	67
CONCEPTIONS OF THE DEITIES	67
IDEAS OF THE OTHER WORLD	68
ORACLE OF APOLLO AT DELPHI	68
INQUIRIES AT THE ORACLE	68
CHARACTER OF THE RESPONSES	68
THE OLYMPIAN GAMES	69
THE CONTESTS	69
THE VICTOR’S REWARD	69
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GAMES	70
NATURE OF THE CITY STATE	70
THE CITIZENS	70
GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY-STATE	70
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY-STATE	71
SPARTA AND ATHENS AS TYPES OF THE CITY-STATE	71
SPARTA AND THE PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE	71
SPARTA A MILITARY CAMP	72
GOVERNMENT OF SPARTA	72
THE SPARTAN BOY	72
THE ADULT SPARTAN	72
EXCELLENCE OF THE SPARTAN SOLDIERY	73
ATHENS AS A CITY-STATE	73
OPPRESSIVE RULE OF THE NOBLES	73
ATHENS A DEMOCRATIC STATE	74
THE GREAT AGE OF COLONIZATION	75
REASONS FOR FOUNDING COLONIES	75
CHARACTER OF THE GREEK COLONY	75
COLONIZATION IN THE NORTH AND EAST	75
COLONIZATION IN THE WEST	75
THE SICILIAN COLONIES	76
OTHER MEDITERRANEAN COLONIES	76
RESULTS OF COLONIZATION	76
LANGUAGE AS A UNIFYING FORCE	76
LITERATURE AS UNIFYING FORCE; HOMER	77
RELIGION AS A UNIFYING FORCE; AMPHICTYONIES	77
A NEW AGE	77
STUDIES	77
FOOTNOTES	78
CHAPTER V	79
ASIATIC GREEKS CONQUERED BY CROESUS	79
CONQUESTS OF CYRUS AND CAMBYSES	80
CONQUESTS OF DARIUS	80
POLICIES OF ARISTIDES AND THEMISTOCLES	81
PREPARATIONS OF PERSIA	81
GREEK PREPARATIONS	82
AFTER THERMOPYLAE	83
AFTER SALAMIS	83
VICTORIUS HELLAS	84
THEMISTOCLES AND THE FORTIFICATIONS OF ATHENS	84
CONSTITUTION OF THE LEAGUE	84
CIMON AND THE WAR AGAINST PERSIA	85
DECLINE OF CIMON’S INFLUENCE	85
PERICLES	85
ATHENIAN IMPERIALISM	86
NATURE OF THE ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY	86
THE ASSEMBLY	87
THE TEN GENERALS	87
THE JURY COURTS	87
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS OF THE ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY	87
SYSTEM OF STATE PAY	88
INDUSTRIAL ATHENS	88
SLAVERY	88
COMMERCIAL ATHENS	88
ARTISTIC AND INTELLECTUAL ATHENS	88
INEVITABLENESS OF THE WAR	89
ORIGIN OF THE WAR	89
RESOURCES OF THE CONTESTANTS	89
SPARTAN DESPOTISM	91
PELOPIDAS AND EPAMINONDAS	91
WEAKNESS OF CITY-STATES	92
A RECORD OF ALMOST CEASELESS CONFLICT	92
THE FUTURE	92
STUDIES	92
FOOTNOTES	93
CHAPTER VI	94
MACEDONIA AND THE MACEDONIANS	94
PHILIP’S AIMS	94
THE MACEDONIAN ARMY	94
CONQUESTS OF PHILIP	95
DEMOSTHENES AS AN ORATOR AND A PATRIOT	95
LAST STRUGGLE OF THE GREEKS	96
PHILIP’S POLICY AS A CONQUEROR	96
THE YOUTHFUL ALEXANDER	97
EDUCATION OF ALEXANDER BY ARISTOTLE	97
ALEXANDER CRUSHES REBELLION	97
SEEMING STRENGTH OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE	97
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EXPEDITION	98
ALEXANDER’S INVASION	98
ALEXANDER IN EGYPT	99
ALEXANDER IN LIBYA	99
END OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE	100
CONQUEST OF IRAN	100
CONQUEST OF INDIA	100
ALEXANDER’S RETURN TO BABYLON	100
ALEXANDER AS WARRIOR AND STATESMAN	100
HELLENIZING OF THE ORIENT	101
FUSION OF EAST AND WEST	101
THE THREE GREAT KINGDOMS	102
MINOR INDEPENDENT STATES	102
CITY LIFE IN THE ORIENT	102
ALEXANDRIA	102
ANTIOCH	103
PERGAMUM	103
RHODES	103
HELLENISTIC LITERATURE	103
THE MUSEUM AT ALEXANDRIA	104
THE ALEXANDRIAN LIBRARY	104
SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES	104
ANCIENT AND MODERN SCIENCE COMPARED	105
EXTENSION OF GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE	105
PTOLEMY	105
THE PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM	105
THE NEW LUXURY	106
THE SEA ROUTE TO INDIA	106
ORIENTAL INFLUENCE ON THE GREEKS	106
GREEK INFLUENCE ON THE ORIENT	106
THE NEW COSMOPOLITANISM	107
STUDIES	107
FOOTNOTES	108
CHAPTER VII	108
THE APENNINES	108
DIVISIONS OF ITALY	109
SICILY	109
INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS	109
NEIGHBORS OF THE ROMANS	109
THE ETRUSCANS	110
ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION	110
THE GREEKS	111
THE ITALIAN HIGHLANDERS	111
THE LATINS	111
FOUNDING OF ROME	111
UNION OF THE SEVEN HILLS	112
MYTHS OF EARLY ROME	112
ROMULUS AND REMUS	112
SUCCESSORS OF ROMULUS	112
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MYTHS	113
THE ROMANS AN AGRICULTURAL PEOPLE	113
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS	113
MORAL CHARACTER OF THE EARLY ROMANS	113
THE ROMAN FAMILY	114
WORSHIP OF ANCESTORS	114
THE HOUSEHOLD DEITIES	114
WORSHIP OF THE HOUSEHOLD DEITIES	114
JANUS AND VESTA	115
JUPITER AND MARS	115
DIVINATION	115
PRIESTHOODS	116
IMPORTANCE OF THE STATE RELIGION	116
EARLY ROMAN GOVERNMENT	116
THE REPUBLICAN CONSULS	116
THE DICTATOR	116
PATRICIANS AND PLEBEIANS	117
THE TRIBUNES	117
FINAL TRIUMPH OF THE PLEBEIANS	118
ROME AS A REPUBLIC	118
MAGISTRATES	118
MEMBERSHIP OF THE SENATE	118
POWERS EXERCISED BY THE SENATE	118
THE ROMAN CITIZENS	120
THE ITALIANS	121
THE LATIN COLONIES	121
ROMAN ROADS	121
USES OF ROMAN ROADS	121
ROMANIZATION OF ITALY	122
THE LEGION	122
METHOD OF FIGHTING	122
FORTIFIED CAMPS	123
DISCIPLINE: REWARDS AND HONORS	123
THE TRIUMPH	123
MILITARY GENIUS OF THE ROMANS	123
STUDIES	123
FOOTNOTES	124
CHAPTER VIII	125
THE PUNIC WARS	125
FOUNDATION OF CARTHAGE	125
COMMERCIAL EMPIRE OF CARTHAGE	126
CARTHAGINIAN CIVILIZATION	126
ORIGIN OF THE FIRST PUNIC WAR	126
HANNIBAL	127
HANNIBAL’S INVASION OF ITALY	127
FIRST VICTORIES OF HANNIBAL	128
A DICTATORSHIP	128
AFTER CANNAE	128
VICTORIOUS ROME	129
SICILY	130
SPAIN	130
ROMANIZATION OF SPAIN	130
ROME AND MACEDONIA	130
ROME AND GREECE	130
ROME AND SYRIA	131
CREATION OF THE PROVINCIAL SYSTEM	131
EVILS OF THE PROVINCIAL SYSTEM	131
THE PROFITS OF CONQUEST	132
GROWTH OF LUXURY	132
DISAPPEARANCE OF THE PEASANTRY	132
THE EXODUS OF THE CITIES	133
THE CITY MOB	133
HELLENIC INFLUENCE AT ROME	133
TIBERIUS AND GAIUS GRACCHUS	133
AGRARIAN LAW OF TIBERIUS GRACCHUS	134
DEFECTS OF THE AGRARIAN LAW	134
MEASURES OF GAIUS TO RELIEVE THE POOR	135
AN EFFORT TO EXTEND ROMAN CITIZENSHIP	135
THE GRACCHI BEGIN THE REVOLUTION	136
RIVALRY OF MARIUS AND SULLA	137
RISE OF POMPEY	138
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO	138
RISE OF CAESAR	139
ROMANIZATION OF GAUL	140
GROWING OPPOSITION BETWEEN POMPEY AND CAESAR	140
CAESAR MASTER OF THE WEST	141
AUTHORITY AND POSITION OF CAESAR	141
CHARACTER OF CAESAR’S RULE	141
REFORMS AT ROME AND IN ITALY	142
REFORMATION OF THE PROVINCIAL SYSTEM	142
CONSEQUENCES OF CAESAR’S DEATH	142
ANTONY BECOMES CAESAR’S SUCCESSOR	142
A RIVAL IN THE YOUNG OCTAVIAN	143
DIVISION OF THE ROMAN WORLD	143
OCTAVIAN IN THE WEST	143
ANTONY IN THE EAST	144
THE TRIUMPH OF OCTAVIAN	144
DOOM OF THE REPUBLIC	144
A CENTURY OF REVOLUTION	144
THE FUTURE	145
STUDIES	145
FOOTNOTES	146
CHAPTER IX	147
THE NEW RULER	147
THE NEW GOVERNMENT	148
POWERS ENJOYED BY AUGUSTUS	148
THE EMPIRE UNDER AUGUSTUS	148
THE DANUBE BOUNDARY	148
THE RHINE BOUNDARY	149
THE AUGUSTAN AGE	149
DEIFICATION OF AUGUSTUS	149
THE ANTONINE CAESARS	151
TRAJAN THE CONQUEROR	151
HADRIAN THE ADMINISTRATOR	151
MARCUS AURELIUS, THE PHILOSOPHER ON THE THRONE	152
THE STANDING ARMY	152
THE ROMAN ROADS	153
THE PAX ROMANA	153
EXTENSION OF ROMAN CITIZENSHIP	153
PRIVILEGES OF ROMAN CITIZENS	153
IMPROVEMENT OF ROMAN LAW	154
CHARACTER OF ROMAN LAW	154
LATIN IN ITALY	154
LATIN IN THE WESTERN PROVINCES	155
ROMANCE LANGUAGES	155
PREVALENCE OF CITY LIFE	155
SOME IMPORTANT CITIES	155
APPEARANCE OF THE CITIES	156
CITY GOVERNMENT	156
SURVIVAL OF THE ROMAN MUNICIPAL SYSTEM	156
PROMOTION OF COMMERCE	157
PRINCIPAL TRADE ROUTES	157
LOCAL TRADING AT ROME	157
FREE LABORERS AT ROME	157
THE GUILDS	158
LIFE OF THE WORKING CLASSES	158
GREAT FORTUNES	158
LUXURY AND EXTRAVAGANCE	159
SOME SOCIAL EVILS	159
BRIGHTER ASPECTS OF ROMAN SOCIETY	159
THE NEW COSMOPOLITANISM	159
MONUMENTS OF ROMAN RULE	160
ROMANIZATION OF EAST AND WEST	161
STUDIES	161
FOOTNOTES	162
CHAPTER X	163
WEAKNESSES IN THE IMPERIAL SYSTEM	164
DIOCLETIAN’S REFORMS	164
THE NEW ABSOLUTISM	164
REIGN OF CONSTANTINE	165
FOUNDATION OF CONSTANTINOPLE	165
THE “FALL” OF ROME	166
DEPOPULATION DUE TO THE SLAVE SYSTEM	166
LOSS OF REVENUES	167
ECONOMIC RUIN	167
INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY	167
DECLINE OF PAGANISM	167
STOICISM	168
THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES	168
INFLUENCE OF THE MYSTERIES	168
ORIENTAL RELIGIONS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE	168
MITHRA	169
THE WORSHIP OF MITHRA	169
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ORIENTAL RELIGIONS	169
CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE JEWS	169
MISSIONARY LABORS OF PAUL	170
CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE GENTILES	170
CONDITIONS FAVORING THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY	170
ORGANIZATION OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY	171
HOSTILITY TOWARD THE CHRISTIANS	171
SUPERSTITIOUS FEAR OF THE CHRISTIANS	171
ANTAGONISM OF THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT	171
ATTITUDE OF THE CHRISTIANS TOWARD PAGANISM	172
THE MARTYRS	172
CHRISTIANITY BECOMES A TOLERATED RELIGION	172
CONSTANTINE’S CONVERSION	173
MORAL TEACHINGS OF CHRISTIANITY	174
SOCIAL TEACHINGS OF CHRISTIANITY	174
CHRISTIANITY AND THE GERMANS	174
STUDIES	174
FOOTNOTES	175
CHAPTER XI	176
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF GERMANY	176
THE GERMANS DESCRIBED BY THE ROMANS	176
GERMAN MORALS	177
PROGRESS OF THE GERMANS	177
REASONS FOR THE GERMANIC MIGRATIONS	177
GROWING WEAKNESS OF ROME	177
THE GOTHS	178
RESULTS OF THE BATTLE	179
ALARIC THE VISIGOTH	179
ALARIC IN GREECE AND ITALY	179
THE VISIGOTHS BEFORE ROME	179
ROMANIZATION OF THE VISIGOTHS	180
THE FRANKS IN NORTHERN GAUL	181
THE HUNS	181
ATTILA THE HUN	181
INVASION OF GAUL BY ATTILA	182
VANDAL PIRATES	183
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GERMANIC INVASIONS	183
RETROGRESSIVE FORCES	184
PROGRESSIVE FORCES	184
STUDIES	184
FOOTNOTES	185
CHAPTER XII	185
THE CENTER OF CLASSICAL LIFE	185
ORIGIN OF THE CITY	185
GENERAL APPEARANCE OF AN ANCIENT CITY	185
LIFE IN THE CITY	186
IMPORTANCE OF MALE CHILDREN	186
INFANTICIDE	186
NAMES	186
GREEK EDUCATION	187
ROMAN EDUCATION	187
TRAVEL AND STUDY ABROAD	188
ENGAGEMENTS	188
WEDDING CUSTOMS	188
POSITION OF WOMEN	188
CLOTHING	189
COVERING FOR THE HEAD AND FEET	189
EXTERIOR OF THE HOUSE	189
INTERIOR OF THE HOUSE	189
THE ATRIUM	190
THE PERISTYLE	190
BUSINESS OF THE FORENOON	190
OCCUPATIONS IN THE AFTERNOON	190
THE EVENING MEAL	191
MORNING ROUND OF A ROMAN NOBLE	191
THE AFTERNOON EXERCISE AND BATH	191
THE LATE DINNER	192
ATHENIAN RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS	192
FEATURES OF A GREEK PLAY	192
PANTOMIME AND VAUDEVILLE AT ROME	193
CHARIOT RACES	193
ANIMAL BAITINGS	193
GLADIATORIAL SHOWS	193
PLACE OF SLAVERY IN CLASSICAL LIFE	194
SOURCES OF SLAVES	194
NUMBER AND CHEAPNESS OF SLAVES	195
SLAVES’ TASKS	195
TREATMENT OF SLAVES	195
POSSIBILITIES OF FREEDOM	195
PERMANENCE OF SLAVERY	196
EPIC POETRY	196
LYRIC POETRY	196
ATHENIAN TRAGEDY	196
ATHENIAN COMEDY	197
HISTORY	197
BIOGRAPHY	197
ORIGINALITY OF GREEK LITERATURE	198
THE SOPHISTS	198
SOCRATES	198
CONDEMNATION AND DEATH OF SOCRATES	198
PLATO	199
ARISTOTLE	199
EPICUREANISM	199
STOICISM	200
RISE OF ROMAN LITERATURE	200
CICERO	200
CAESAR	200
VERGIL AND HORACE	201
LIVY	201
TACITUS	201
SURVIVAL OF ROMAN LITERATURE	201
CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE	201
THE DORIC COLUMN	202
NATURE OF THE GREEK TEMPLE	202
UNIQUENESS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE	202
THE GREEK GENIUS IN SCULPTURE	203
LOSS OF THE MASTERPIECES	203
MATERIALS	203
TECHNICAL PROCESSES	203
VARIETIES OF GREEK SCUPLTURE	204
IMPORTANCE OF THE SCULPTOR’S ART	204
THE ARCH AND DOME IN ROMAN BUILDINGS	204
ROMAN USE OF CONCRETE AND RUBBLE	204
TEMPLES	204
BASILICAS	205
AQUEDUCTS	205
THERMAE	205
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES AND COLUMNS	205
CIRCUSES, THEATERS, AND AMPHITHEATERS	206
ROMAN SCULPTURE	206
WALL PAINTINGS	206
ART CENTERS OF ANTIQUITY	206
ROADS AND SUBURBS OF ATHENS	206
WALLS OF ATHENS	207
HILLS OF ATHENS	207
THE AGORA	207
PUBLIC BUILDINGS	207
THE ACROPOLIS	207
THE ERECHTHEUM	208
ARCHITECTURE OF THE PARTHENON	208
SCULPTURES OF THE PARTHENON	208
THE GLORY OF ATHENS	208
DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME	209
HILLS OF ROME	209
WALLS AND OPEN SPACES	209
PUBLIC BUILDINGS	209
THE FORUM	210
APPROACH TO THE FORUM	210
THE FORUM TO-DAY	210
THE FORUM IN ANTIQUITY	210
THE GRANDEUR OF ROME	211
STUDIES	211
FOOTNOTES	212
CHAPTER XIII	213
TRANSITION TO THE MIDDLE AGES	213
THE OSTROGOTHS UNDER THEODORIC	213
THEODORIC’S FOREIGN POLICY	214
INVASION OF ITALY BY THE LOMBARDS	215
LOMBARD RULE IN ITALY	215
RESULTS OF THE LOMBARD INVASION	215
THE FRANKS AND THE GALLO-ROMANS	216
SIGNIFICANCE OF CLOVIS’S CONVERSION	216
THE EARLIER MEROVINGIAN KINGS	216
CHARACTER OF THE FRANKISH CONQUESTS	217
THE LATER MEROVINGIAN KINGS	217
CHARLES MARTEL	217
CHARLEMAGNE THE MAN	218
CHARLEMAGNE’S OTHER CONQUESTS	219
CHARLEMAGNE’S GOVERNMENT	219
REVIVAL OF LEARNING UNDER CHARLEMAGNE	220
REASONS FOR THE CORONATION	221
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CORONATION	221
CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE	221
AFTER CHARLEMAGNE	221
IMPORTANCE OF THE TWO TREATIES	222
RENEWED BARBARIAN INVASIONS	223
THE GERMAN STEM-DUCHIES	223
ELECTIVE KINGSHIP OF GERMANY	223
OTTO AND THE MAGYARS	224
OTTO AND THE STEM-DUKES	224
CONDITION OF ITALY	224
MEANING OF THE CORONATION	225
ULTIMATE RESULTS OF THE CORONATION	225
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE	225
ANGLO-SAXON CONQUEST OF BRITAIN	225
NATURE OF THE CONQUEST	226
THE SEVEN KINGDOMS IN BRITAIN	226
ANGLO-SAXON BRITAIN	226
PREPARATION FOR CHRISTIANITY	227
CELTIC CHRISTIANITY	228
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CELTIC AND ROMAN CHRISTIANITY	228
THE BRITISH ISLES BECAME ROMAN CATHOLIC	228
THE GERMANIC KINGDOMS	229
HINDRANCES TO THE FUSION OF GERMANS AND ROMANS	229
CONDITIONS FAVORING FUSION	229
CONTRAST BETWEEN EAST AND WEST	230
STUDIES	230
FOOTNOTES	230
CHAPTER XIV	231
SURVIVAL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EAST	231
CAUSES OF THE SURVIVAL	232
CHARACTER OF THE EMPIRE	232
JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA	232
CONQUESTS OF JUSTINIAN	233
CODIFICATION OF ROMAN LAW	233
CIVILIZING WORK OF JUSTINIAN	234
AFTER JUSTINIAN	234
PERSIANS	234
ARABS	234
SELJUK TURKS	235
WORK OF THE EMPIRE IN ASIA	235
SLAVS	235
BULGARIANS	235
RUSSIANS	236
WORK OF THE EMPIRE IN EUROPE	236
STRENGTH AND WEALTH OF THE EMPIRE	236
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY	236
CHARACTER OF BYZANTINE ART	236
INFLUENCE OF BYZANTINE ART	237
LITERATURE AND LEARNING	237
POSITION OF CONSTANTINOPLE	238
CONSTANTINOPLE AS A NATURAL CITADEL	238
MONUMENTS OF CONSTANTINOPLE	238
HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CONSTANTINOPLE	239
STUDIES	239
FOOTNOTES	240
CHAPTER XV	240
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH	240
THE EPISCOPATE	240
THE PATRIARCHS	241
CLERGY AND LAITY	241
HERESIES	241
WORSHIP	242
SUNDAY	242
FESTIVALS	243
EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE EAST	243
UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE	243
THEOLOGICAL DISPUTES; HERESIES	243
NESTORIANISM	244
ORTHODOXY	244
THE PAPACY	244
ROME AN APOSTOLIC CHURCH	244
THE ROMAN CHURCH INDEPENDENT	245
THE ROMAN CHURCH ORTHODOX	245
THE PETRINE SUPREMACY	245
TEMPORAL POWER OF GREGORY	246
GREGORY’S SPIRITUAL AUTHORITY	246
POSITION OF THE PAPACY	247
THE MONASTIC SPIRIT	247
EARLY CHRISTIAN MONASTICISM	247
THE HERMITS	247
RULE OF ST. BASIL	247
ST. BENEDICT	248
SPREAD OF THE BENEDICTINE RULE	248
A MONASTIC COMMUNITY	249
THE MONASTERY BUILDINGS	249
MONASTIC OCCUPATIONS	249
ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE MONASTIC LIFE	250
THE MONKS AS CIVILIZERS	250
THE ROMAN CHURCH AND THE BARBARIANS	250
RECONVERSION OF THE ARIAN GERMANS	250
FRANKS AND ANGLO-SAXONS CONVERTED TO ROMAN CATHOLICISM	251
ST. BONIFACE AND THE CONVERSION OF THE GERMANS	251
CONVERSION OF THE SLAVS	251
FINAL EXTENSION OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM	252
DIVERGENCE OF EAST AND WEST	252
THE PAPACY AND THE EASTERN EMPERORS	252
RISE OF THE PATRIARCHATE OF CONSTANTINOPLE	252
RIVALRY BETWEEN POPE AND PATRIARCH	253
THE GREEK AND ROMAN CHURCH COMPARED	253
SPREAD OF THE GREEK CHURCH	254
PRESENT ORGANIZATION OF THE GREEK CHURCH	254
THE ROMAN CHURCH PROGRESSIVE	254
THE ROMAN CHURCH SURVIVES THE EMPIRE	255
WORK OF THE ROMAN CHURCH	255
THE MENACE TO CHRISTENDOM	255
STUDIES	255
FOOTNOTES	256
CHAPTER XVI	257
THE ARABIAN PENINSULA	257
INHABITANTS OF ARABIA	257
THE BEDOUINS OF THE DESERT	257
THE SEDENTARY ARABS	258
ARABIAN HEATHENISM	258
EARLY LIFE OF MOHAMMED	259
MOHAMMED’S VISIONS	259
LATER LIFE OF MOHAMMED	260
MOHAMMED’S CHARACTER	260
FORMATION OF THE KORAN	260
RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS OF THE KORAN	261
OBSERVANCES OF ISLAM	261
ORGANIZATION OF ISLAM	261
MORAL TEACHINGS OF THE KORAN	262
ISLAM SPREAD BY THE SWORD	262
ISLAM AS A RELIGION OF CONQUEST	262
ISLAM AS A POLITICAL FORCE	262
TREATMENT OF THE CONQUERED PEOPLES	263
LATER ARAB CONQUESTS	263
NORTH AFRICA SUBDUED	264
ARABS AND BERBERS	264
THE MOSLEM ADVANCE IN GAUL	264
BAGDAD	265
EXTINCTION OF THE ARABIAN EMPIRE A MISFORTUNE	266
THE ARABS AS ABSORBERS OF CIVILIZATION	266
AGRICULTURE	266
MANUFACTURING	266
COMMERCE	267
GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE	267
EDUCATION	267
CHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE	268
MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY	268
ROMANCE AND POETRY	268
ARCHITECTURE	269
GROWTH OF ISLAM	269
THE BENEFITS OF ISLAM	269
TREATMENT OF WOMEN	270
SLAVERY	270
STUDIES	270
FOOTNOTES	271
CHAPTER XVII	272
A NEW SERIES OF MIGRATIONS	272
A TEUTONIC MOVEMENT	272
SCANDINAVIA	272
SWEDEN	273
NORWAY	273
PREHISTORIC TIMES IN SCANDINAVIA	273
DAWN OF HISTORY IN SCANDINAVIA	273
THE NORTHMEN AS SAILORS	274
SHIPS OF THE NORTHMEN	274
THE SAGAS	274
SUBJECT MATTER OF THE SAGAS	275
THE NORTHMEN AS SEEN IN THE SAGAS	275
EDDAIC POEMS	275
THE GOD ODIN	275
THE GOD THOR	276
THOR’S DEEDS OF STRENGTH	276
MYTH OF BALDER	276
VALHALLA	277
SUPERNATURAL BEINGS	277
CHRISTIANIZATION OF THE NORTHMEN	277
CAUSES OF THE VIKING MOVEMENT	277
RAIDS OF THE NORTHMEN	278
THE NORTHMEN IN IRELAND, SCOTLAND, AND THE ISLANDS	278
THE NORTHMEN IN ICELAND	278
THE NORTHMEN IN GREENLAND	279
THE NORTHMEN IN AMERICA	279
ARCTIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE NORTHMEN	279
THE NORTHMEN IN FINLAND	279
THE NORTHMEN IN RUSSIA	279
NOVGOROD AND KIEV	280
SCANDINAVIAN INFLUENCE IN RUSSIA	280
THE NORTHMEN AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EAST	280
IMPORTANCE OF THE CONVERSION OF RUSSIA	280
CHARLEMAGNE AND THE NORTHMEN	281
THE NORTHMEN IN FRANCE	281
THE NORTHMEN IN GERMANY	281
DUCHY OF NORMANDY	281
ENGLAND OVERRUN BY THE DANES	282
KING ALFRED AND THE DANES	282
THE DANELAW	282
CIVILIZING ACTIVITIES OF ALFRED	283
ALFRED’S CHARACTER	283
HAROLD AND WILLIAM	283
WILLIAM’S PREPARATIONS	284
WILLIAM BECOMES KING	285
WILLIAM’S PERSONALITY	285
NORMAN ELEMENT IN THE ENGLISH PEOPLE	285
NORMAN ELEMENT IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE	285
UNION OF ENGLAND AND NORMANDY	285
ENGLAND AND THE PAPACY	286
FUSION OF ENGLISH AND NORMAN	286
NORMAN EXPANSION SOUTHWARD	286
CONQUESTS OF ROBERT GUISCARD	286
ROGER GUISCARD’S CONQUESTS	287
KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES	287
NORMAN CULTURE IN THE SOUTH	287
NORMAN FACULTY OF ADAPTATION	287
ASSIMILATION OF THE NORMANS	287
NORMAL INFLUENCE	287
STUDIES	288
FOOTNOTES	288
CHAPTER XVIII	289
A DARK AGE	289
DECLINE OF ROYAL AUTHORITY	289
INCREASED POWER OF THE NOBLES	290
PARALLELS TO EUROPEAN FEUDALISM	290
EXTENT OF EUROPEAN FEUDALISM	290
FEUDAL SOVEREIGNTY	290
FEUDAL TENURE OF LAND	290
THE FIEF	291
VASSALAGE	291
PERSONAL SERVICES OF THE VASSAL	291
THE VASSAL’S MONEY PAYMENTS	291
THE LORD’S DUTY TO THE VASSAL	291
HOMAGE	291
FEUDAL GOVERNMENT A SUBSTITUTE FOR ANARCHY	292
FEUDALISM AS A SYSTEM OF LOCAL JUSTICE	292
JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION	292
THE OATH	292
ORDEALS	293
THE JUDICIAL DUEL	293
FEUDAL AND ROMAN LAW	293
FEUDALISM AS A SYSTEM OF LOCAL DEFENSE	294
THE FEUDAL ARMY	294
ARMS AND ARMOR	294
PREVALENCE OF PRIVATE WAR	294
THE PEACE AND TRUCE OF GOD	294
ABOLITION OF PRIVATE WARFARE	295
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CASTLE	295
THE CASTLE AS A FORTRESS	295
A CASTLE DESCRIBED	296
THE CASTLE AS A RESIDENCE	296
AMUSEMENTS OF THE NOBLES	297
APPRENTICESHIP OF THE KNIGHT	297
CONFERRING OF KNIGHTHOOD	297
CHIVALRY	297
THE CHIVALRIC CODE	298
JOUSTS AND TOURNAMENTS	298
INFLUENCE OF CHIVALRY	298
DECLINE OF URBAN LIFE	299
FEUDALISM AND RURAL LIFE	299
THE MANOR	299
COMMON CULTIVATION OF THE ARABLE LAND	299
FARMING METHODS	300
COMMON USE OF THE NON-ARABLE LAND	300
A VILLAGE DESCRIBED	300
A VILLAGE AS SELF-SUFFICING	300
HARD LOT OF THE PEASANTRY	301
ALLEVIATIONS OF THE PEASANT’S LOT	301
FREEMEN, SLAVES, AND SERFS	301
NATURE OF SERFDOM	301
OBLIGATIONS OF THE SERF	301
ORIGIN OF SERFDOM	302
DURATION OF FEUDALISM	302
FORCES OPPOSED TO FEUDALISM: THE KINGS	302
FORCES OPPOSED TO FEUDALISM: THE CITIES	302
THE CHURCH AND FEUDALISM	303
STUDIES	303
FOOTNOTES	303
CHAPTER XIX	304
THE ROMAN CHURCH	304
TERRITORIAL EXTENT OF THE CHURCH	304
THE CHURCH AS UNIVERSAL	304
THE CHURCH AS INTERNATIONAL	305
TWOFOLD DUTIES OF THE CHURCH	305
THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM	305
BAPTISM, CONFIRMATION, MATRIMONY, AND EXTREME UNCTION	305
PENANCE	306
HOLY EUCHARIST	306
ORDINATION	306
REVERENCE FOR SAINTS	307
DEVOTION TO THE VIRGIN	307
RELICS	307
PURGATORY	307
CHURCH COURTS	307
EXCOMMUNICATION	308
INTERDICT	308
THE SECULAR AND REGULAR CLERGY	309
POSITION OF THE CLERGY	309
PARISH PRIESTS	309
THE PARISH CHURCH	310
BISHOPS	310
ARCHBISHOPS	310
THE CATHEDRAL	310
DECLINE OF MONASTICISM	310
THE CLUNIAC REVIVAL	311
THE CISTERCIAN ORDER	311
COMING OF THE FRIARS	312
ST. FRANCIS, THE MAN	312
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FRIARS	313
THE FRIARS AND THE PAPACY	313
THE POPE’S EXALTED POSITION	314
THE POPE AS THE HEAD OF WESTERN CHRISTENDOM	314
THE PAPAL LEGATES	314
THE CARDINALS	314
INCOME OF THE PAPACY	315
THE CAPITAL OF THE PAPACY	315
THE PAPACY AND THE EMPIRE	315
RELATIONS BETWEEN POPE AND EMPEROR IN THEORY	315
THEIR RELATIONS IN PRACTICE	315
OTTO THE GREAT AND THE PAPACY	316
THE PAPACY AND OTTO’S SUCCESSORS	316
PAPAL ELECTION BY THE CARDINALS	316
FEUDALIZING OF THE CHURCH	316
LAY INVESTITURE FROM THE CHURCH STANDPOINT	317
LAY INVESTITURE AS VIEWED BY THE SECULAR AUTHORITY	317
GREGORY’S AIMS	317
HENRY IV AND GREGORY VII	317
TERMS OF THE CONCORDAT	318
FREDERICK I, EMPEROR, 1152-1190	318
FREDERICK AND THE PAPACY	319
INNOCENT AND KING PHILIP OF FRANCE	319
INNOCENT AND KING JOHN OF ENGLAND	319
OUTCOME OF THE CONFLICT	320
THE CHURCH AND WARFARE	320
THE CHURCH AND CHARITY	320
THE CHURCH AND SLAVERY AND SERFDOM	321
DEMOCRACY OF THE CHURCH	321
THE CLERGY AS THE ONLY EDUCATED CLASS	321
IMPORTANCE OF THE CLERGY	321
STUDIES	321
FOOTNOTES	322
CHAPTER XX	323
PLACE OF THE CRUSADES IN HISTORY	323
NUMBER OF THE CRUSADES	323
PILGRIMAGES TO THE HOLY LAND	324
ABUSE OF PILGRIMS BY THE TURKS	324
THE CRUSADES AND THE UPPER CLASSES	324
THE LOWER CLASSES AND THE CRUSADES	324
PRIVILEGES OF CRUSADERS	325
OCCASION OF THE FIRST CRUSADE	325
APPEAL OF EMPEROR TO POPE	325
PRELUDE TO THE FIRST CRUSADE	326
THE MAIN CRUSADE	326
LEADERS OF THE CRUSADE	326
THE CRUSADERS IN ASIA MINOR AND SYRIA	326
LATIN KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM	327
OTHER CRUSADERS’ STATES	327
MILITARY-RELIGIOUS ORDERS	327
HOSPITALERS AND TEMPLARS	328
CHRISTIAN AND INFIDEL IN THE HOLY LAND	328
ORIGIN OF THE SECOND CRUSADE	328
PREACHING OF ST. BERNARD	328
FAILURE OF THE SECOND CRUSADE	328
SALADIN	329
INNOCENT III AND THE FOURTH CRUSADE	330
THE CRUSADERS AND THE VENETIANS	330
DISASTROUS CONSEQUENCES OF THE FOURTH CRUSADE	331
END OF THE CRUSADES	331
FAILURE OF THE CRUSADES	331
WHY THE CRUSADES FAILED	332
WHY THE CRUSADES CEASED	332
INFLUENCE OF THE CRUSADES ON FEUDALISM	332
THE CRUSADES AND COMMERCE	333
THE CRUSADES AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE	333
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CRUSADES	333
STUDIES	333
FOOTNOTES	334
CHAPTER XXI	334
THE ASIATIC COUNTER-ATTACK	334
MONGOLIA	335
MONGOL LIFE AND CHARACTER	335
MILITARY PROWESS OF THE MONGOLS	335
JENGHIZ KHAN	335
MONGOL EMPIRE UNDER THE SUCCESSORS OF JENGHIZ	336
MONGOL SWAY IN CHINA	336
TIMUR AND BABER IN INDIA	337
EMPIRE OF THE MOGULS	337
MONGOL INFLUENCE ON RUSSIA	338
RISE OF MUSCOVY	338
RISE OF THE OTTOMANS	339
OTTOMAN EXPANSION	339
THE JANIZARIES	339
CONSTANTINOPLE BESIEGED	339
CAPTURE OF THE CITY	339
AN EPOCH-MAKING EVENT	340
CONTINUED OTTOMAN EXPANSION	340
NATURE OF TURKISH RULE	340
THE TURKS A MIXED PEOPLE	340
ISOLATION OF THE TURKS	341
TURKISH INFLUENCE IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE	341
STUDIES	341
FOOTNOTES	341
CHAPTER XXII	342
THE NEW NATIONALISM	342
THE NATIONAL STATE AND FEUDALISM	342
THE NEW MONARCHIES	342
THE SENTIMENT OF NATIONALITY	343
THE LAST INVASION OF ENGLAND	343
WILLIAM’S DESPOTIC RULE	343
WILLIAM AND FEUDALISM	343
THE KING’S COURT	344
CIRCUIT JUDGES	344
THE COMMON LAW	345
CHARACTER OF MAGNA CARTA	346
SIGNIFICANCE OF MAGNA CARTA	346
THE WITENAGEMOT AND THE GREAT COUNCIL	347
THE REPRESENTATIVE SYSTEM	347
HOUSE OF LORDS AND HOUSE OF COMMONS	348
POWERS OF PARLIAMENT	348
THE BRITISH ISLES	348
WALES	349
CONQUEST OF WALES	349
SCOTLAND	349
THE SCOTTOSH KINGDOM	349
SCOTLAND ANNEXED BY EDWARD I	349
SCOTTISH INDEPENDENCE	350
IRELAND	350
PHYSICAL FRANCE	350
RACIAL FRANCE	351
THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY	351
FRANCE AND ITS FIEFS	351
THE ESTATES-GENERAL	352
PRETEXT FOR THE WAR	352
REASONS FOR THE WAR	353
RENEWAL OF THE WAR	353
END OF THE WAR	354
EFFECTS OF THE WAR	354
ENGLAND AFTER THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR	354
FRANCE AFTER THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR	355
THE SPANISH PENINSULA	355
THE SPANISH PEOPLE	355
CHRISTIAN STATES OF SPAIN	355
RECOVERY OF SPAIN FROM THE MOORS	355
THE CID	356
RULE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA	356
RISE OF AUSTRIA	356
GROWTH OF AUSTRIA UNDER THE HAPSBURGS	357
SWITZERLAND	357
SWITZERLAND AND AUSTRIA	357
WILLIAM TELL AND ARNOLD VON WINKELRIED	357
THE SWISS CONFEDERATION	358
LINES OF GERMAN EXPANSION	358
THE GERMAN AND THE SLAV	358
BRANDENBURG AND POMERANIA	358
PRUSSIA	359
THE TEUTONIC ORDER	359
POLITICAL GERMANY	359
STUDIES	359
FOOTNOTES	360
CHAPTER XXIII	361
THE CIVIC REVIVAL	361
CITIES OF ROMAN ORIGIN	362
ORIGIN OF THE OTHER CITIES	362
THE CITY AND FEUDALISM	362
REVOLT OF THE CITIES	362
CHARTERS	363
CIVIC FREEDOM	363
A CITY FROM WITHOUT	363
A CITY FROM WITHIN	363
UNSANITARY CONDITIONS	363
CIVIC REGULATIONS	364
PUBLIC BUILDINGS	364
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT	364
FORMATION OF GUILDS	365
MERCHANT GUILDS	365
COMMERCIAL MONOPOLY	365
CRAFT GUILDS	365
INDUSTRIAL MONOPOLY	365
ORGANIZATION OF CRAFT GUILDS	366
ACTIVITIES OF CRAFT GUILDS	366
MARKETS	367
FAIRS	367
FAIRS AND COMMERCE	367
DECLINE OF COMMERCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES	367
COMMERCIAL REVIVAL AFTER THE CRUSADES	368
ASIATIC TRADE ROUTES	368
EUROPEAN TRADE ROUTES	368
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS	369
SMALL SCALE OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISE	369
LACK OF MONEY	369
FAULTS OF MEDIEVAL CURRENCY	369
THE JEWS AS MONEY LENDERS	370
ITALIAN BANKING	370
THE CITY REPUBLICS	370
MILAN	371
PISA	371
FLORENCE	371
GENOA	372
SITUATION OF VENICE	372
VENETIAN COMMERCE	372
VENETIAN POSSESSIONS	372
VENETIAN SEA POWER	373
VENICE DESCRIBED	373
CITIES OF SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL GERMANY	373
CITIES OF NORTHERN GERMANY	373
MEMBERSHIP OF THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE	374
INFLUENCE OF THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE	374
DECLINE OF THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE	374
COUNTY OF FLANDERS	374
FLANDERS AS A COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL CENTER	375
FLEMISH WOOL TRADE	375
BRUGES, GHENT AND YPRES	375
FLANDERS AND FRANCE	375
THE CITIES AND CIVILIZATION	376
STUDIES	376
FOOTNOTES	377
CHAPTER XXIV	377
THE 12TH AND 13TH CENTURIES	377
LATIN AS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE	378
THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES	378
FRENCH	378
DEVELOPMENT OF FRENCH	378
THE TEUTONIC LANGUAGES	378
ANGLO-SAXON	379
CHANGES IN ANGLO-SAXON	379
DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH	379
ENGLISH AS A WORLD-LANGUAGE	379
LATIN HYMNS	380
LATIN STUDENTS’ SONGS	380
SONGS OF THE TROUBADOURS	380
THE FRENCH EPIC	381
THE CHARLEMAGNE LEGEND	381
SONG OF ROLAND	381
THE ARTHURIAN ROMANCES	381
THE NIBELINGENLIED	382
REYNARD THE FOX	382
THE ROBIN HOOD BALLADS	382
TWO ARCHITECTURAL STYLES	383
THE ROMANESQUE CHURCH	383
VAULTING AND THE ROUND ARCH	384
THE GOTHIC STYLE	384
RIBBED VAULTING AND THE FLYING BUTTRESS	384
THE POINTED ARCH	385
GOTHIC ORNAMENT	385
THE CATHEDRAL AS A RELIGIOUS EDIFICE	385
THE SECULAR GOTHIC	386
COMMON SCHOOLS	386
RISE OF UNIVERSITIES	386
UNIVERSITY OF PARIS	387
UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA	387
UNIVERSITY ORGANIZATION	387
DEGREES	387
THE TEACHERS	387
THE STUDENTS	388
COLLEGES	388
FACULTIES	388
THEOLOGICAL STUDY	389
ABELARD AND FREEDOM OF THOUGHT	389
STUDY OF ARISTOTLE	389
THE SCHOLASTIC METHOD	390
SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS	390
GUNPOWDER	391
CHEMISTRY AND ALCHEMY	391
ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY	391
MEDIEVAL CREDULITY	391
MAGICIANS	392
FOLK TALES	392
FAIRIES	392
CHARACTERISTICS OF FAIRIES	393
GIANTS AND OGRES	393
WEREWOLVES	393
THE EVIL EYE	393
WITCHCRAFT	394
FEATURES OF EUROPEAN WITCHCRAFT	394
WITCHCRAFT PERSECUTIONS	394
UNLUCKY DAYS	394
INDOOR GAMES	394
OUTDOOR GAMES	395
BAITING	395
FESTIVALS	395
SEASONAL FESTIVALS	396
THE MORRIS DANCE	396
MUMMING	396
MIRACLE PLAYS	396
MORALITY PLAYS	397
DWELLINGS	397
FURNITURE	397
COSTUME	398
BEARDS	398
BATHS AND BATHING	398
FOOD	398
TABLE ETIQUETTE	398
DRINKING	399
CENTRAL PERIOD OF THE MIDDLE AGES	399
STUDIES	399
FOOTNOTES	400
CHAPTER XXV	401
LATER PERIOD OF THE MIDDLE AGES	401
LIMITS OF THE RENAISSANCE	401
ORIGINAL HOME OF THE RENAISSANCE	401
ITALIAN CITIES OF THE RENAISSANCE	402
INFLUENCE OF THE CLASSIC TRADITION	402
BYZANTINE, ARABIC, AND NORMAN INFLUENCE	402
THE CLASSICS IN THE MIDDLE AGES	403
DANTE AND THE ITALIAN LEAGUE	403
PETRARCH AS A LATIN REVIVALIST	404
STUDY OF GREEK IN ITALY	404
HUMANISM	404
SPREAD OF HUMANISM IN ITALY	404
PRINTED BOOKS	405
INTRODUCTION OF PAPER	405
DEVELOPMENT OF MOVABLE TYPE	405
GUTENBERG	405
ALDUS AND CAXTON	406
INCUNABULA	406
IMPORTANCE OF PRINTING	406
ARCHITECTURE	407
SCULPTURE	407
RISE OF ITALIAN PAINTING	407
CHARACTERISTICS OF ITALIAN PAINTING	408
MUSIC	408
SPREAD OF HUMANISM IN EUROPE	409
GREEK TESTAMENT OF ERASMUS	409
HUMANISM AND THE REFORMATION	409
THE ARTISTIC REVIVAL IN EUROPE	409
HUMANISM AND THE VERNACULAR	410
THE VERNACULAR REVIVAL	410
PERSONALITY IN RENAISSANCE LITERATURE	412
HUMANISM AND EDUCATION	412
HUMANISM AND SCIENCE	413
THE COPERNICAN THEORY	413
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD	414
AN ECONOMIC CHANGE	415
DECLINE OF SERFDOM	415
EXTINCTION OF SERFDOM	416
CONDITION OF THE PEASANTRY	416
STUDIES	417
FOOTNOTES	417
CHAPTER XXVI	418
THE GEOGRAPHICAL RENAISSANCE	418
MEDIEVAL IGNORANCE OF GEOGRAPHY	418
GEOGRAPHICAL MYTHS	419
THE COSMAS MAP	419
THE HEREFORD MAP	419
OPENING UP OF ASIA	419
LEGEND OF PRESTER JOHN	420
MARCO POLO’S BOOK	420
THE COMPASS	420
NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS	421
OTHER IMPROVEMENTS IN NAVIGATION	421
MOTIVES FOR EXPLORATION	421
THE COMMERCIAL MOTIVE	421
EXPLORATION OF THE AFRICAN COAST	422
CAMOENS, 1524-1580 A.D., AND THE LUSIADS	423
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MARITIME ROUTE	423
PORTUGUESE ASCENDANCY IN THE EAST	423
PORTUGUESE TRADE MONOPOLY	424
COLLAPSE OF THE PORTUGUESE EMPIRE	424
EUROPE IN ASIA	424
THE GLOBULAR THEORY	424
MYTH OF ATLANTIS	425
BEHAIM’S GLOBE	425
RESEARCHES OF COLUMBUS	425
SUBSEQUENT VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS	426
NAMING OF AMERICA	426
PEOPLING OF AMERICA	427
THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES	428
INDIAN CULTURE	428
THE MAYAS	428
THE AZTECS	428
AZTEC CULTURE	429
THE INCAS	429
OBJECTS OF THE SPANIARDS	429
EL DORADO	430
SPAIN IN THE NEW WORLD	430
INTERMARRIAGE OF SPANIARDS AND INDIANS	430
TREATMENT OF THE INDIANS	431
CONVERSION OF THE INDIANS	431
THE CALIFORNIA MISSIONS	431
SPANISH AMERICAN CIVILIZATION	431
SPANISH COLONIAL POLICY	432
THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE	432
EXPANSION OF EUROPE	433
SHIFTING OF TRADE ROUTES	433
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF THE PRECIOUS METALS	434
CONSEQUENCES OF THE ENLARGED MONEY SUPPLY	434
NEW COMMODITIES IMPORTED	434
POLITICAL EFFECTS OF THE DISCOVERIES	434
EFFECTS OF THE DISCOVERIES ON THOUGHT	434
EFFECTS OF THE DISCOVERIES UPON RELIGION	435
STUDIES	435
FOOTNOTES	436
CHAPTER XXVII	437
THE PAPACY IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY	437
FRICTION BETWEEN CHURCH AND STATE	437
BONIFACE AND PHILIP THE FAIR	437
THE RENAISSANCE POPES	438
COMPLAINTS AGAINST THE CLERGY	439
PERSECUTION OF HERETICS	439
MEDIEVAL ATTITUDE TOWARD HERESY	439
PUNISHMENT OF HERESY	439
THE ALBIGENSES	440
THE WALDENSES	440
THE LOLLARDS	440
THE HUSSITE WARS	441
TETZEL AND INDULGENCES	442
LUTHER’S LEADERSHIP	443
CHARLES V AND THE LUTHERANS	444
LUTHERANISM IN SCANDINAVIA	445
CALVIN AT GENEVA	445
DIFFUSION OF CALVINISM	446
HENRY’S EARLY LOYALTY TO THE PAPACY	446
PREPARATION FOR THE ENGLISH REFORMATION	446
HENRY AND CATHERINE OF ARAGON	446
THE MONASTERIES SUPPRESSED	447
EXTENT OF PROTESTANTISM	448
COMMON FEATURES OF PROTESTANTISM	448
DIVISIONS AMONG PROTESTANTS	449
LUTHERANISM AND ANGLICANISM	449
CALVINISM	449
THE REFORMATION AND FREEDOM	449
THE REFORMATION AND MORALS	449
THE REFORMING POPES	450
THE SOCIETY OF JESUS	450
JESUIT SCHOOLS	450
JESUIT MISSIONS	451
WORK OF THE COUNCIL	451
THE INDEX	451
THE INQUISITION	452
INFLUENCE OF THE INQUISITION	452
PHILIP II	452
PHILIP’S FAILURES	453
THE NETHERLANDS	453
CONDITION OF THE NETHERLANDS	453
PROTESTANTISM IN THE NETHERLANDS	454
POLICY OF PHILIP II	454
OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLT	454
SEPARATION OF THE NETHERLANDS	455
COURSE OF THE REVOLT	455
THE DUTCH REPUBLIC	455
ELIZABETH	455
PROTESTANTISM IN ENGLAND	456
TREATMENT OF ROMAN CATHOLICS	456
PROTESTANTISM IN IRELAND	456
ELIZABETH AND MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS	456
ELIZABETH AND PHILIP II	457
ENGLISH SEA-POWER	458
THE HUGUENOTS	458
CIVIL WAR IN FRANCE	459
HENRY IV	459
RELIGIOUS ANTAGONISMS	460
POLITICAL FRICTION	460
THE BOHEMIAN REVOLT	461
DANISH INTERVENTION	461
GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS AND THE INTERVENTION OF SWEDEN	461
RICHELIEU AND THE INTERVENTION OF FRANCE	462
TERRITORIAL READJUSTMENTS	462
DISRUPTION OF GERMANY	462
EXHAUSTION OF GERMANY	462
RISE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW	463
THE EUROPEAN STATE SYSTEM	463
STUDIES	463
FOOTNOTES	464
CHAPTER XXVIII	464
ABSOLUTISM	465
DIVINITY OF KINGS	465
DIVINE RIGHT AFTER THE REFORMATION	465
BOSSUET ON DIVINE RIGHT	465
CARDINAL RICHELIEU	466
POLICIES OF RICHELIEU	466
CARDINAL MAZARIN	466
LOUIS XIV, THE MAN	467
COURT OF LOUIS XIV AT VERSAILLES	467
LOUIS XIV, THE KING	467
ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE	468
COLBERT	468
COLBERT’S ECONOMIC MEASURES	468
COLBERT AND COLONIAL EXPANSION	468
EMIGRATION OF THE HUGUENOTS	469
ART UNDER LOUIS XIV	469
LITERATURE UNDER LOUIS XIV	469
LEARNING UNDER LOUIS XIV	470
THE AGE OF LOUIS XIV	470
AMBITIOUS DESIGNS OF LOUIS XIV	470
THE BALANCE OF POWER	470
FRENCH MILITARISM	470
THE RHINE BOUNDARY	471
THE SPANISH SUCCESSION	471
BRANDENBURG AND PRUSSIA	472
POSITION OF FRANCE	473
TUDOR ABSOLUTISM	473
PARLIAMENT UNDER THE TUDORS	473
JAMES I ON DIVINE RIGHT	474
JAMES I AND PARLIAMENT	474
JAMES I AND PURITANISM	474
LAUD’S ECCLESIASTICAL POLICY	476
REFORMS OF THE LONG PARLIAMENT	476
PRESYBTERIANS AND INDEPENDENTS	478
ENGLAND A REPUBLIC	479
SUBJECTION OF IRELAND	479
SCOTLAND SUBDUED	479
THE INSTRUMENT OF GOVERNMENT	480
THE PURITAN REVOLUTION	480
REACTION AGAINST PURITANISM	481
THE DISSENTERS	481
WHIGS AND TORIES	482
THE BILL OF RIGHTS	482
THE TOLERATION ACT	483
SOCIAL ENGLAND	483
ECONOMIC ENGLAND	484
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS	484
PROGRESS OF ART	485
LITERATURE	485
POSITION OF ENGLAND	485
STUDIES	486
FOOTNOTES	487
APPENDIX	487
THE ORIENT	487
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC	488
THE MIDDLE AGES	490

View all | View only answered questions | View only unanswered questions

Ask any question on Early European History and get it answered FAST!

Answer questions in BookRags Q&A and earn points toward
discounted or even FREE Study Guides and other BookRags products!

Learn more about BookRags Q&A

Copyrights

Early European History from Project Gutenberg. Public domain.