Politics: A Treatise on Government eBook

for some possess only kingly power regulated by law, and rule those who voluntarily submit to their government; others rule despotically according to their own will.  There is a third species of tyranny, most properly so called, which is the very opposite to kingly power; for this is the government of one who rules over his equals and superiors without being accountable for his conduct, and whose object is his own advantage, and not the advantage of those he governs; for which reason he rules by compulsion, for no freemen will ever willingly submit to such a government.  These are the different species of tyrannies, their principles, and their causes.

CHAPTER XI

We proceed now to inquire what form of government and what manner of life is best for communities in general, not adapting it to that superior virtue which is above the reach of the vulgar, or that education which every advantage of nature and fortune only can furnish, nor to those imaginary plans which may be formed at pleasure; but to that mode of life which the greater part of mankind can attain to, and that government which most cities may establish:  for as to those aristocracies which we have now mentioned, they are either too perfect for a state to support, or one so nearly alike to that state we now going to inquire into, that we shall treat of them both as one.

The opinions which we form upon these subjects must depend upon one common principle:  for if what I have said in my treatise on Morals is true, a happy life must arise from an uninterrupted course of virtue; and if virtue consists in a certain medium, the middle life must certainly be the happiest; which medium is attainable [1295b] by every one.  The boundaries of virtue and vice in the state must also necessarily be the same as in a private person; for the form of government is the life of the city.  In every city the people are divided into three sorts; the very rich, the very poor, and those who are between them.  If this is universally admitted, that the mean is best, it is evident that even in point of fortune mediocrity is to be preferred; for that state is most submissive to reason; for those who are very handsome, or very strong, or very noble, or very rich; or, on the contrary; those who are very poor, or very weak, or very mean, with difficulty obey it; for the one are capricious and greatly flagitious, the other rascally and mean, the crimes of each arising from their different excesses:  nor will they go through the different offices of the state; which is detrimental to it:  besides, those who excel in strength, in riches, or friends, or the like, neither know how nor are willing to submit to command:  and this begins at home when they are boys; for there they are brought up too delicately to be accustomed to obey their preceptors:  as for the very poor, their general and excessive want of what the rich enjoy reduces them to a state too mean:  so that the one know not how to command, but to be commanded as slaves, the others know not how to submit to any command, nor to command themselves but with despotic power.