that their whole universe stands or falls with the deity.  You are a materialist, and you think Bruno a scientific hero.  See what he said and you will think him an insane mystic.  No, the great Free-thinker, with his genuine ability and honesty, does not in practice destroy Christianity.  What he does destroy is the Free-thinker who went before.  Free-thought may be suggestive, it may be inspiriting, it may have as much as you please of the merits that come from vivacity and variety.  But there is one thing Free-thought can never be by any possibility—­Free-thought can never be progressive.  It can never be progressive because it will accept nothing from the past; it begins every time again from the beginning; and it goes every time in a different direction.  All the rational philosophers have gone along different roads, so it is impossible to say which has gone farthest.  Who can discuss whether Emerson was a better optimist than Schopenhauer was pessimist?  It is like asking if this corn is as yellow as that hill is steep.  No; there are only two things that really progress; and they both accept accumulations of authority.  They may be progressing uphill and down; they may be growing steadily better or steadily worse; but they have steadily increased in certain definable matters; they have steadily advanced in a certain definable direction; they are the only two things, it seems, that ever can progress.  The first is strictly physical science.  The second is the Catholic Church.”

“Physical science and the Catholic Church!” said Turnbull sarcastically; “and no doubt the first owes a great deal to the second.”

“If you pressed that point I might reply that it was very probable,” answered MacIan calmly.  “I often fancy that your historical generalizations rest frequently on random instances; I should not be surprised if your vague notions of the Church as the persecutor of science was a generalization from Galileo.  I should not be at all surprised if, when you counted the scientific investigations and discoveries since the fall of Rome, you found that a great mass of them had been made by monks.  But the matter is irrelevant to my meaning.  I say that if you want an example of anything which has progressed in the moral world by the same method as science in the material world, by continually adding to without unsettling what was there before, then I say that there is only one example of it.  And that is Us.”

“With this enormous difference,” said Turnbull, “that however elaborate be the calculations of physical science, their net result can be tested.  Granted that it took millions of books I never read and millions of men I never heard of to discover the electric light.  Still I can see the electric light.  But I cannot see the supreme virtue which is the result of all your theologies and sacraments.”