8.  The agriculture of the ants is so wonderful that for a long time it has been doubted.  The fact is now so well proved by Mr. Moggridge, Dr. Lincecum, Mr. MacCook, Col.  Sykes, and Dr. Jerdon, that no doubt is possible.  See an excellent summary of evidence in Mr. Romanes’s work.  See also Die Pilzgaerten einiger Sud-Amerikanischen Ameisen, by Alf.  Moeller, in Schimper’s Botan.  Mitth. aus den Tropen, vi. 1893.

9.  This second principle was not recognized at once.  Former observers often spoke of kings, queens, managers, and so on; but since Huber and Forel have published their minute observations, no doubt is possible as to the free scope left for every individual’s initiative in whatever the ants do, including their wars.

10.  H.W.  Bates, The Naturalist on the River Amazons, ii. 59 seq.

11.  N. Syevertsoff, Periodical Phenomena in the Life of Mammalia, Birds, and Reptiles of Voroneje, Moscow, 1855 (in Russian).

12.  A. Brehm, Life of Animals, iii. 477; all quotations after the French edition.

13.  Bates, p. 151.

14.  Catalogue raisonne des oiseaux de la faune pontique, in Demidoff’s Voyage; abstracts in Brehm, iii. 360.  During their migrations birds of prey often associate.  One flock, which H. Seebohm saw crossing the Pyrenees, represented a curious assemblage of “eight kites, one crane, and a peregrine falcon” (The Birds of Siberia, 1901, p. 417).

15.  Birds in the Northern Shires, p. 207.

16.  Max.  Perty, Ueber das Seelenleben der Thiere (Leipzig, 1876), pp. 87, 103.

17.  G. H. Gurney, The House-Sparrow (London, 1885), p. 5.

18.  Dr. Elliot Coues, Birds of the Kerguelen Island, in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. xiii.  No. 2, p. 11.

19.  Brehm, iv. 567.

20.  As to the house-sparrows, a New Zealand observer, Mr. T.W.  Kirk, described as follows the attack of these “impudent” birds upon an “unfortunate” hawk.—­“He heard one day a most unusual noise, as though all the small birds of the country had joined in one grand quarrel.  Looking up, he saw a large hawk (C. gouldi—­ a carrion feeder) being buffeted by a flock of sparrows.  They kept dashing at him in scores, and from all points at once.  The unfortunate hawk was quite powerless.  At last, approaching some scrub, the hawk dashed into it and remained there, while the sparrows congregated in groups round the bush, keeping up a constant chattering and noise” (Paper read before the New Zealand Institute; Nature, Oct. 10, 1891).

21.  Brehm, iv. 671 seq.

22.  R. Lendenfeld, in Der zoologische Garten, 1889.

CHAPTER II

Mutual aid among animals (continued)

Migrations of birds.  Breeding associations.  Autumn societies.  Mammals:  small number of unsociable species.  Hunting associations of wolves, lions, etc.  Societies of rodents; of ruminants; of monkeys.  Mutual Aid in the struggle for life.  Darwin’s arguments to prove the struggle for life within the species.  Natural checks to over-multiplication.  Supposed extermination of intermediate links.  Elimination of competition in Nature.