At the same time, his purpose was undoubtedly wider than profit, and Champlain represented the extra-commercial motive.  While Pontgrave was trading with the Indians, Champlain, as the geographer, was collecting information about their character, their customs, and their country.  Their religious ideas interested him much, and also their statements regarding the interior of the continent.  Such data as he could collect between the end of May and the middle of August he embodied in a book called Des Sauvages, which, true to its title, deals chiefly with Indian life and is a valuable record, although in many regards superseded by the more detailed writings of the Jesuits.

The voyage of 1603 added nothing material to what had been made known by Jacques Cartier and the fur traders about Canada.  Champlain ascended the St Lawrence to the Sault St Louis [Footnote:  Now called the Lachine Rapids.  An extremely important point in the history of New France, since it marked the head of ship navigation on the St Lawrence.  Constantly mentioned in the writings of Champlain’s period.] and made two side excursions—­one taking him rather less than forty miles up the Saguenay and the other up the Richelieu to the rapid at St Ours.  He also visited Gaspe, passed the Isle Percee, had his first glimpse of the Baie des Chaleurs, and returned to Havre with a good cargo of furs.  On the whole, it was a profitable and satisfactory voyage.  Though it added little to geographical knowledge, it confirmed the belief that money could be made in the fur trade, and the word brought back concerning the Great Lakes of the interior was more distinct than had before been reported.  The one misfortune of the expedition was that its author, De Chastes, did not live to see its success.  He had died less than a month before his ships reached Havre.

CHAPTER II

CHAMPLAIN IN ACADIA

[Footnote:  This word (Acadia) has sometimes been traced to the Micmac akade, which, appended to place-names, signifies an abundance of something.  More probably, however, it is a corruption of Arcadia.  The Acadia of De Monts’ grant in 1604 extended from the parallel of 40 degrees to that of 46 degrees north latitude, but in the light of actual occupation the term can hardly be made to embrace more than the coast from Cape Breton to Penobscot Bay.]

The early settlements of the French in America were divided into two zones by the Gulf of St Lawrence.  Considered from the standpoint of colonization, this great body of water has a double aspect.  In the main it was a vestibule to the vast region which extended westward from Gaspe to Lake Michigan and thence to the Mississippi.  But while a highway it was also a barrier, cutting off Acadia from the main route that led to the heart of the interior.  Port Royal, on the Bay of Fundy, was one centre and Quebec another.  Between them stretched either an impenetrable wilderness or an inland sea.  Hence Acadia remained separate from the Laurentian valley, which was the heart of Canada—­although Acadia and Canada combined to form New France.  Of these two sister districts Canada was the more secure.  The fate of Acadia shows how much less vulnerable to English attack were Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal than the seaboard settlements of Port Royal, Grand Pre, and Louisbourg.